Dna-binding domain of crispr system, non-fucosylated and partially fucosylated proteins, and methods thereof

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure relates to a method of obtaining a cell where fucosylation pathways are modified, leading to production of partially fucosylated and non-fucosylated protein products, specifically antibodies from the cell. The present disclosure employs the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) technology. The method of the present disclosure targets the Fut8 gene and GMD gene in a cell. Such products are used in developing therapeutics and biomarkers, and in diagnosis and prognosis of diseases.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure pertains to the field of biotechnology, genetic engineering and immunology. Particularly, the present disclosure relates to developing cell lines where specific biological pathways are modified. Such modifications are in the enzymes of the cell, particularly in enzymes involved in glycosylation of proteins. The present disclosure develops protein expression systems wherein specific modification of glycan chain of the protein is achieved. The specific modification of the glycan chain produces partially fucosylated and non-fucosylated proteins, including antibodies. Such products are used in developing therapeutics and biomarkers, and in diagnosis and prognosis of diseases. The present disclosure employs the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) technology.

BACKGROUND AND PRIOR ART OF THE DISCLOSURE

Glycosylation in eukaryotes has been studied intensively for decades as the most common covalent post translational protein modification mechanism. About 1-2% of the human transcriptome (about 250-500 glycogenes) is predicted to translate proteins which are responsible for glycosylation (Campbell and Yarema 2005). Glycosylation of cellular proteins plays many key biological functions such as protein folding, stability, intracellular and inter-cellular trafficking, cell-cell and cell matrix Interaction.

There are four distinct groups of Glyoproteins: N-linked, O-linked, glycosaminoglycans, and glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins. N-linked glycosylation occurs through the side chain amide nitrogen of asparagine residues, while O-linked glycosylation uses the oxygen atom in the side chain of serine or threonine residues. N-linked glycosylation takes place in the amino acid sequence of Asn-X-Ser/Thr, where X can be any amino acid except proline and aspartic acid (Helenius and Aebi 2004).

Fucose (6-deoxy-L-galactose) is a monosaccharide that is present in many glycoproteins and glycolipids present in vertebrates, invertebrates, plants, and bacteria. Fucosylation is the process of transferring a fucose residue to various proteins and oligosaccharides. Fucosylation is regulated by several molecules, including fucosyltransferases, guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-fucose synthetic enzymes, and GDP-fucose transporter(s). A large number of fucosylated glycoproteins are secretary proteins or membrane proteins on the cell surface.

There are 14.1 million new cancer cases, 8.2 million cancer deaths and 32.6 million people living with cancer (within 5 years of diagnosis) in 2014 worldwide. The high mortality rate of cancer serves as a reminder of the need for more effective therapies. The most prominent change in oncology drug development in the last 20 years has been the shift from classic cytotoxics to drugs that affect signaling pathways implicated in cancer, known as “Monoclonal Antibodies” or mAbs. A decade ago, there are only two mAbs on the market and currently there are around 30 FDA approved mAbs of diverse therapeutic modalities, like Adalimumab, Infliximab, Rituximab etc. mAbs are the fastest growing segment in pharmaceutical industry and this rapid expansion is set to continue. There are more than 100 monoclonal antibody-based biologic drugs in clinical trials. Many of these are in phase 1 and phase M trials and will be coming before the Regulatory agencies for approval. Improvement of monoclonal antibody therapeutics through technologies described here will pave the way for better clinical outcome for patients.

Human IgG1 antibody is a highly fucosylated glycoprotein. Two N-linked biantennary oligosaccharides consisting of core hepta-saccharide with variable addition of fucose, galactose, bisecting N-acetylglucosamine and sialic acid are present at Asn-297 of IgG. Antibody glycosylation leads to unique biological functions known as “effector functions”—Antibody Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC) and Complement Dependent Cytotoxicity (CDC). ADCC is a cell mediated immune system where immune cells (like natural killer cells) lyse the target cells identified through antibodies against cell surface antigens.

The effector function of IgG molecule is defined by the interaction of antibody Fc region with leukocyte receptors, known as FcγRs, or interactions with complement components. The composition of the oligosaccharide structure is critically important for effector function through FcγR binding (Shields et al. 2002; Shinkawa et al. 2003; Niwa et al. 2004; Niwa, Shoji-Hosaka, et al. 2004; Yamane-Ohnuki et al. 2004) Crystal structure analysis of human IgG1 has revealed intricate interaction of the oligosaccharide chains with the CH2 domain (Harris et al. 1998; Radaev et al. 2001).

The efficiency of the ADCC mechanism is considerably dependent on the level of antibody fucosylation. The lower the fucosylation, the higher is the rate of ADCC. Therefore, loss of fucosylation has significant biological consequences. The loss could be due to non-functional fucosyltransferase enzymes, resulting in non-fucosylation of cellular proteins. The absence of fucose from the primary N-acetylglucosamine results in the IgG1 antibody having increased binding affinity for the FcγRIIα receptor, with consequent increase of 50-100 times higher efficacy of ADCC. Improvement of ADCC with non-fucosylated IgG is directly proportional to the increased affinity for FcγRIIIα which allows the non-fucosylated IgG Fc to overcome the competition from high concentrations of fucosylated IgG in normal serum. Plausible rationale for the increased affinity of non-fucosylated IgG Fc for FcγRIIα may be the reduction or absence of steric inhibition at the receptor-ligand interface (Harris, 1998; Radaev, 2001).

In mammalian expression system, the enzyme α1,6-fucosyltransferase encoded by the Fut8 gene is responsible for transferring fucose moiety from GDP-fucose to N-acetylglucosamine of N-glycan chain in proteins (Miyoshi, 1999). Disruption of this gene function through various means leads to production of non-fucosylated proteins, including antibodies (Naoko Yamane-Ohnuki, 2004).

GDP-D-mannose 4,6-dehydratase (GMD) is a member of the sugar nucleotide-modifying subfamily of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) family (Webb, Mulichak et al. 2004).

In mammalian expression systems, GDP-fucose, an essential substrate of fucosylation, is synthesized in the cytoplasm through de now and salvage pathways. In the de novo pathway of fucosylation, GDP-fucose is synthesized through conversion of GDP-mannose to GDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-mannose, catalyzed by the enzyme GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase (GMD). This GDP-Fucose is then transported inside the golgi and used as a substrate for protein fucosylation by the enzyme α1-6 fucosyltransferase (FUT8). The enzyme transfers the fucose moiety from GDP-fucose to N-acetylglucosamine of the N-glycan chain (Miyoshi, 1999). These critical enzymes, GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and α,1-6 fucosyltransferase are encoded by GMD and FUT8 genes respectively.

Non-fucosylated forms of therapeutic antibodies developed in mammalian platforms, where fucose biosynthesis is impaired, may have clinical advantage over the fucosylated forms due to the enhanced efficiency of ADCC towards target tumor cells.

Historically, gene knock out systems completely depended on Homologous recombination (HR) mediated targeted mutation, deletion and/or insertion. The HR system, although very specific, is highly inefficient, as thousands of clones need to be screened to find one mutated clone. Moreover, deleting allelic variations would take even further time and much larger screening. Multiple technologies have evolved in the last decade to achieve targeted gene modification using a combination of a DNA sequence recognition domain and a nuclease domain. These systems are highly efficient at identifying specific sites of interest and then introducing DNA strand breaks. DNA double-strand break (DSB) at genomic target locus activates DNA repair, which is utilized for modifying genes. The DNA damage response is highly conserved in eukaryotic cells. The concept of DSB-based genome engineering is easily transferable between highly diverse organisms. Creating double strand break increases the frequency of gene knock out at targeted loci by thousand folds through homologous recombination and non-homologous end joining mechanisms.

Zinc Finger Nuclease (ZFN) is one of the most frequently used techniques for gene disruption. It requires three bases at the DNA level for each zinc finger tandem array. Moreover, target site overlap and cross-talk between individual fingers in a zinc-finger array considerably complicate the production of sequence-specific ZFNs. Additionally, major drawback of ZFNs includes elaborate and time-consuming experimental selection process to identify the ZFN motifs for specific DNA sequence recognition.

There are methods in the prior art for disruption of Fut8 and GMD genomic loci. However, none of the methods target the specific location on the FUT8 and GMD genomic loci by the CRISPR technology.

The present disclosure overcomes the disadvantages or limitations associated with methods of the prior art by using the CRISPR technology to target a specific location on the FUT8 genomic loci or the GMD genomic loci, which results in complete disruption of the gene and related function, providing a cell that produces non-fucosylated proteins.

STATEMENT OF THE DISCLOSURE

Accordingly, the present disclosure relates to a DNA-binding domain of CRISPR system, wherein the DNA-binding domain comprises sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID No. 13, SEQ ID No. 15, SEQ ID No. 17 to SEQ ID No. 37, SEQ ID No. 39, SEQ ID No. 41, SEQ ID No. 43, SEQ ID No. 45, SEQ ID No. 47 to SEQ ID No. 93 and combinations thereof; a CRISPR-nuclease complex comprising the DNA-binding domain as mentioned above and nuclease; a vector comprising a DNA binding domain as mentioned above; a cell comprising a vector as mentioned above; a method of obtaining a fucose knockout cell, said method comprising steps of—a) Obtaining a CRISPR-nuclease construct, and b) Transfecting a cell with the construct of step (a) to obtain a fucose knockout cell; a method of obtaining protein with fucosylation ranging from 0% to 100%, said method comprising steps of—a) Obtaining a CRISPR-nuclease construct, b) Transfecting a cell with the construct of step (a) to obtain a cell with fucosylation activity ranging from 0% to 100%, and c) Obtaining the protein expressed by the cell of step (b); a protein with 0% to 100% fucosylation, obtained by the method as mentioned above; and a composition comprising the protein as mentioned above, optionally along with pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE ACCOMPANYING FIGURES

FIG. 1A depicts the Fut8 gene coding sequence and protein sequence.

FIG. 1B depicts the GMD gene organization.

FIG. 2A depicts the CHOK1 Fut8 amino-acid sequence.

FIG. 2B depicts the complete amino acid sequence of GMD gene.

FIG. 3A depicts the construct map for CRISPR/Cas vector construct pD1401 gRNA.

FIG. 3B depicts the target sequence of Fut8 exon 7.

FIG. 4A depicts the GMD CRISPR/Cas construct pD1401 (gRNA 167-207) targeting Exon3 of GMD gene.

FIG. 4B depicts the GMD CRISPR/Cas construct pD1301 (gRNA 404) targeting Exon4 of GMD gene.

FIG. 4C depicts the target sequence of GMD exon 3.

FIG. 4D depicts the target sequence of GMD exon 4.

FIG. 5 depicts the CHOK1 control cells and CHOK1 clonal cell lines transfected with CRISPR/Cas construct pD1401 (gRNA 514-553) targeting Fut8 gene, observed at Day 1.

FIG. 6A depicts CHOK1 control cells and CHOK1 cell lines transfected with CRISPR/Cas construct pD1401 (gRNA 514-553) targeting Fut8 gene, observed at Day 4.

FIG. 6B depicts CHOK1 cell lines transfected with CRISPR-Cas constructs pD1401 (gRNA 167-207) targeting GMD gene exon3.

FIG. 7A depicts LCA-FITC flow cytometry assay of clonal CHOK1 cells transfected with pD1401 (gRNA 514-553) CRISPR/Cas construct targeting FUT8 exon 7.

FIG. 7B depicts LCA-FITC flow cytometry assay of clonal CHOK1 cells transfected with pD1401 (gRNA 167-207) or pD1301 (gRNA 404) or pD1401 (gRNA 167-207)+pD1301 (gRNA 404) CRISPR/Cas constructs targeting GMD exon 3 and/or exon 4.

FIG. 7C depicts LCA-FITC flow cytometry assay of clonal CHOK1 cells transfected with pD1401 (gRNA 167-207) CRISPR/Cas construct targeting GMD exon 3.

FIG. 8A depicts fluorescence profile in LCA-FITC flow cytometry assay of clonal CHOK1 cells transfected with pD1401 (gRNA 514-553) CRISPR/Cas construct targeting FUT8 exon 7.

FIG. 8B depicts fluorescence profile in LCA-FITC flow cytometry assay of Clonal CHOK1 cells transfected with pD1401 (gRNA 167-207) or pD1301 (gRNA 404) or pD1401 (gRNA 167-207)+pD1301 (gRNA 404) CRISPR/Cas construct targeting GMD exon 3 and/or exon 4.

FIG. 8C depicts fluorescence profile in LCA-FITC flow cytometry assay of Clonal CHOK1 cells transfected with pD1401 (gRNA 167-207) CRISPR/Cas construct targeting GMD exon 3.

FIG. 9A depicts Fut 8 exon7 genomic locus, respective amino acid sequence, important enzyme motifs like beta 2 strand and 3H2 helix and CRISPR recognition sequence.

FIG. 9B depicts GMD exon 3 and exon 4 genomic locus, corresponding amino acid sequence and CRISPR recognition sequences.

FIG. 10 depicts LCA-FITC flow cytometry assay for clonal CHOK1 cells transfected with pD1401 (gRNA 514-553) CRISPR/Cas construct targeting FUT8 exon 7.

FIG. 11 depicts fluorescence profile in LCA-FITC flow cytometry assay for clonal CHOK1 cells transfected with pD1401 (gRNA 514-553) CRISPR/Cas construct targeting FUT8 exon 7.

FIG. 12 depicts LCA-FITC flow cytometry assay of clonal CHOK1 cells transfected with pD1401 (gRNA 514-553) CRISPR/Cas construct targeting FUT8 exon 7.

FIGS. 13A to 13C depict growth curve of clonal CHOK1 cells transfected with pD1401 (gRNA 514-553) CRISPR/Cas construct targeting FUT8 exon 7.

FIG. 14 depicts comparison of clonal CHOK1 cells transfected with pD1401 (gRNA 514-553) CRISPR/Cas construct targeting FUT8 exon 7 with LCA-FITC flow cytometry and Strep-FITC assay.

FIG. 15A depicts representative figure of the PCR amplified product of representative CRISPR/Cas Fut8 clone (CR1-KO-T1#022) when run on 1% agarose gel.

FIG. 15B depicts representative figure of the PCR amplified product of representative CRISPR/Cas GMD clones (GMD_1.12 and GMD_1.27) when run on 1% agarose gel.

FIG. 15C depicts representative 1% agarose gel run with PCR amplification of genomic DNA of GMD 2.30 clonal cell line with primers specific for GMD Exon 4 locus.

FIGS. 16A to 16C depicts the representative restriction enzyme digestion of PCR amplified product in pTZ57R/T vector to confirm presence of inserts from different knock out cell lines.

FIGS. 17A to 17G depict representative genomic DNA sequence alignment in FUT8 knock out cell line clones showing deletion in FUT8 gene sequence at Exon 7.

FIGS. 17H to 17L depict the nucleotide sequence alignments with GMD knock out clonal cell lines.

FIGS. 18A and 18B depict FUT8 CRISPR/Cas construct, pD1401 (gRNA 514-553), resulted in Deletion, premature stop codons at the target locus of FUT8 Exon 7.

FIG. 18C depicts GMD CRISPR/Cas construct, pD1401 (gRNA 167-207) resulted in Deletion, premature stop codons and frame shift mutations at the target locus of GMD Exon 3.

FIG. 18D depicts GMD CRISPR/Cas construct, pD1401 (gRNA 167-207) resulted in insertion, premature stop codons and frame shift mutations at the target locus of GMD Exon 3.

FIG. 18E depicts GMD CRISPR/Cas construct, pD1401 (gRNA 167-207) resulted in insertion, premature stop codons at the target locus of GMD Exon 3.

FIG. 18F depicts GMD CRISPR/Cas construct, pD1301 (gRNA 404) resulted in insertion, premature stop codons and frameshift mutations at the target locus of GMD Exon 4.

FIG. 18G depicts that cell line transfected with both GMD CRISPR/Cas constructs, pD1301 (gRNA 404) and pD1401 (gRNA 167-207) reveal deletion of amino acids at the Exon 4 locus and Exon 3 locus remained unchanged.

FIG. 19 depicts FUT8 amino acid sequence comparison in several eukaryotes.

FIG. 20 depicts transfection efficiency of CHOK1 cell line using different protocols.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure relates to a DNA-binding domain of CRISPR system, wherein the DNA-binding domain comprises sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID No. 13, SEQ ID No. 15, SEQ ID No. 17 to SEQ ID No. 37, SEQ ID No. 39, SEQ ID No. 41, SEQ ID No. 43, SEQ ID No. 45, SEQ ID No. 47 to SEQ ID No. 93 and combinations thereof.

In an embodiment of the present disclosure, SEQ ID No. 13, SEQ ID No. 15, SEQ ID No. 39 and SEQ ID No. 17 to SEQ ID No. 37 bind to Fut8 gene sequence; and SEQ ID No. 41, SEQ ID No. 43, SEQ ID No. 45 and SEQ ID No. 47 to SEQ ID No. 93 bind to GMD gene sequence.

In another embodiment of the present disclosure SEQ ID No. 13 transcribes to SEQ ID No. 14; SEQ ID No. 15 transcribes to SEQ ID No. 16; SEQ ID No. 37 transcribes to SEQ ID No. 38; SEQ ID No. 39 transcribes to SEQ ID No. 40; SEQ ID No. 41 transcribes to SEQ ID No. 42; SEQ ID No. 43 transcribes to SEQ ID No. 44 and SEQ ID No. 45 transcribes to SEQ ID No. 46.

The present disclosure also relates to a CRISPR-nuclease complex comprising the DNA-binding domain as mentioned above and nuclease

In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the nuclease is Cas9 endonuclease.

In another embodiment of the present disclosure, the nuclease is Cas9n endonuclease.

The present disclosure also relates to a vector comprising a DNA binding domain as mentioned above.

In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the vector further comprises nuclease.

The present disclosure also relates to a cell comprising a vector as mentioned above.

In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the cell is selected from the group consisting of COS, CHO-S, CHO-K1, CHO-K1 GS (−/−), CHO-DG44, CHO-DUXB11, CHO-DUKX, CHOK1SV, VERO, MDCK, W138, V79, B14AF28-G3, BHK, HaK, NSO, SP2/0-Ag14, HeLa, HEK293-F, HEK293-H, HEK293-T, YB23HL P2.G11.16Ag.20, perC6, antibody producing Hybridoma cell, embryonic stem cell, Namalwa cell, insect cell line from Spxloperaigiperda (St), Pichia, Saccharomyces and Schizosaccharomyces.

The present disclosure also relates to a method of obtaining a fucose knockout cell, said method comprising steps of:

-   -   a) Obtaining a CRISPR-nuclease construct; and     -   b) Transfecting a cell with the construct of step (a) to obtain         a fucose knockout cell.

The present disclosure also relates to a method of obtaining protein with fucosylation ranging from 0% to 100%, said method comprising steps of:

-   -   a) Obtaining a CRISPR-nuclease construct;     -   b) Transfecting a cell with the construct of step (a) to obtain         a cell with fucosylation activity ranging from 0% to 100%; and     -   c) Obtaining the protein expressed by the cell of step (b).

In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the CRISPR-nuclease construct provides the complex as mentioned above; and the complex cleaves gene sequence in cell, said gene selected from group the group consisting of Fut8, GMD and combination thereof.

In another embodiment of the present disclosure, the Fut8 gene sequence coding for α-1,6 Fucosyltransferase enzyme is cleaved at Exon 7.

In yet another embodiment of the present disclosure, the GMD gene sequence coding for a GDP-D-mannose 4,6-dehydratase enzyme is cleaved at Exon selected from the group consisting of Exon 3, Exon 4 and combination thereof.

In still another embodiment of the present disclosure, the cell is selected from the group consisting of COS, CHO-S, CHO-K1, CHO-K1 GS (−/−), CHO-DG44, CHO-DUXB11, CHO-DUKX, CHOK1SV, VERO, MDCK, W138, V79, B14AF28-G3, BHK, HaK, NSO, SP2/0-Ag14, HeLa, HEK293-F, HEK293-H, HEK293-T, YB23HL.P2.Gl1 16Ag.20, perC6, antibody producing Hybridoma cell, embryonic stem cell, Namalwa cell, insect cell line from Spodoptera fugiperda (Sf), Pichia, Saccharomyces and Schizosaccharomyces.

In still another embodiment of the present disclosure, the protein is 0% fucosylated, and the protein is obtained by disruption of Fut8 gene in the cell.

In still another embodiment of the present disclosure, the protein has 0% to 100% fucosylation, and the protein is obtained by disruption of GMD gene in the cell; and the method further comprises addition of L-Fucose in growth medium.

In still another embodiment of the present disclosure, the protein is an antibody.

In still another embodiment of the present disclosure the antibody is a monoclonal antibody.

In still another embodiment of the present disclosure the cell produces an endogenous protein.

In still another embodiment of the present disclosure, the method further comprises a step of introducing a protein encoding gene into the cell and obtaining the protein.

The present disclosure also relates to a protein with 0% to 100% fucosylation, obtained by the method as mentioned above.

In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the protein is an antibody.

The present disclosure also relates to a composition comprising the protein as mentioned above, optionally along with pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the protein is an antibody.

The present disclosure relates to production of non-fucosylated proteins, including non-fucosylated antibodies, from cell.

The present disclosure relates to production of partially fucosylated proteins, including partially fucosylated antibodies, from cell.

The present disclosure also relates to targeting and disrupting of genes upstream and downstream of the key biochemical steps involving GDP-Fucose.

The present disclosure employs the CRISPR technology to produce non-fucosylated proteins.

In the present disclosure, a cell without fucosylation activity is also referred to as “Fucose Knockout” of “FKO” cell.

The CRISPR (Clustered, Regularly Interspaced, Short Palindromic Repeat) system is an adaptable, naturally occurring immune mechanism, used by many bacteria to protect themselves from foreign nucleic acids, such as viruses or plasmids. CRISPRs are segments of prokaryotic DNA containing short repetitions of base sequences, followed by short segments of “spacer DNA”. This Spacer DNA is foreign DNA obtained from previous exposures to a bacterial virus or plasmid. A set of enzymes called Cas (CRISPR-associated proteins) enzymes are found in association with these CRISPR sequences, and Cas are nucleases which can precisely snip DNA.

The bacterium copies the genetic material in each spacer DNA into an RNA molecule. Cas enzymes then take up one of the RNA molecules, which are referred to as the guide RNAs (gRNA). Together they form the CRISPR-Cas system. When the system encounters DNA from a virus that matches the CRISPR RNA, the RNA hybridises to the DNA sequence and the Cas enzyme then cleaves the DNA in two, preventing the virus from replicating.

There are various Cas enzymes that work in conjunction with CRISPR, but the most well-known and frequently employed in genetic engineering is Cas9 nuclease, which is derived from Streptococcus pyogenes. Together, they form the CRISPR/Cas9 system, called the type II CRISPR system Cas9 has been shown to be a key player in certain CRISPR mechanisms, specifically type H CRISPR systems where only one Cas protein is required. In this system, the endonuclease Cas9 participates in the processing of crRNAs which results in destruction of the target DNA. The Cas9 function is dependent on presence of two nuclease domains, a RuvC-like nuclease domain located at the amino terminus and a HNH-like nuclease domain that resides in the mid-region of the protein.

For site specific DNA recognition and cleavage, the nuclease Cas9 must complex with two RNA sequences, a crRNA (CRISPR RNA) and a separate trans-activating crRNA (tracrRNA or trRNA), that is partially complementary to the crRNA. The tracrRNA is required for crRNA maturation from a primary transcript encoding multiple pre-crRNAs. This occurs in the presence of RNase III and Cas9. During the cleavage of target DNA, the HNH and RuvC-like nuclease domains of the Cas9 nuclease cut both DNA strands, generating double-stranded breaks (DSBs). The recognition sites are defined by 20-nucleotide target sequence within an associated crRNA transcript. The HNH domain cleaves the complementary strand, while the RuvC domain cleaves the non-complementary strand. The double-stranded endonuclease activity of Cas9 also requires that a short conserved sequence, (2-5 nts) known as Protospacer-Associated Motif (PAM), follows immediately 3′- of the crRNA complementary sequence in the target DNA. The requirement of PAM sequence is obligatory for CRISPR/Cas function.

In general, a two vector system is used for CRISPR mediated gene editing, 1) a Cas9 endonuclease and 2) a complex of crRNA (CRISPR RNA) and tracrRNA (trans-activating crRNA). When these two constructs are co-expressed in mammalian cells, they form a complex and are recruited to target DNA sequence. The crRNA and tracrRNA are combined to form a chimeric guide RNA (gRNA) with the same function—to guide Cas9 to target gene sequences.

Homologous recombination mediated gene editing technologies are the first of its kind to be used for gene editing. However, frequency of successful events are very rare using HR, 1 in every 3×10⁴ cells.

In recent days, Zink finger nuclease is becoming popular as they allow higher specificity of targeting with higher frequency of successful mutant events. It uses DNA binding proteins with nuclease activity that bind to DNA and create site-specific DSBs. While effective, these methods require extensive protein engineering tools to be successful and thereby limit flexibility in targeting complex genome sequences. The adaptation of CRISPR for mammalian cells has revolutionized genome editing with higher accuracy and ease of designing. Unlike ZFN, CRISPR/Cas does not require protein engineering for every gene being targeted.

The CRISPR system only requires a few simple DNA constructs to encode the gRNA and Cas9. In addition, multiple genes are targeted simultaneously. In this embodiment, CRISPR/Cas system is applied to target two separate genes, FUT8 and GMD, in fucose biosynthetic pathway. Although information is produced for knock out CHOK1 cell line development with individual CRISPR/Cas complex for FUT8 and GMD gene, it is clear that the complex could be used together to simultaneously knock out both genes in CHOK1 cell lines and other relevant cell lines. Although it is rare for a 20 bp gRNA sequence to have 100% homology at multiple sites throughout the genome, sgRNA-Cas9 complexes are tolerant of several mismatches in their targets. Cas9 has been reported to bind multiple locations in genome nonspecifically, however it creates DNA double strand break only at a handful of those sites. Experimental data also suggest certain levels of mismatch at the DNA target site allows DNA double strand break. Therefore, strategies for increasing CRISPR/Cas specificity are pursued.

One such observation is a point mutation of Aspartate to Alanine (D10A) mutation at the RuvC catalytic domain resulted in single strand breaks (nicks) instead of double strand breaks. The mutant Cas9 is known as Cas9n. Using Cas9n at two neighbouring DNA target site allows DNA nicks at close proximity, and if the target sites are appropriately spaced, it creates a double strand break.

Therefore, the specificity of DSB creation is higher, which is eventually repaired by NHEJ mechanism. Nonspecifically bound Cas9n creates only nicks which is generally repaired through HR mediated repair and rarely causes mutation or off target effects. In this disclosure, Cas9n and CRISPR are used to knockout both Fut8 and GMD genes. In one of the GMD target locus, wild type Cas9 endonuclease is also used.

In the present disclosure, CRISPR-Cas construct upon expression in a cell provides CRISPR-Cas complex.

In the present disclosure, the terms CRISPR-Cas complex and CRISPR-Cas system and are used interchangeably.

The present disclosure relates to a method for obtaining non-fucosylated protein, by disruption or inactivation of the fucosylating machinery in a cell.

The present disclosure relates to a method for obtaining partially fucosylated protein, by disruption or inactivation of the fucosylating machinery in a cell.

In an embodiment, the protein is an antibody.

In a preferred but non-limiting embodiment, the antibody is a monoclonal antibody.

In the present disclosure, the terms “non-fucosylated antibody”, “afucosylated antibody”, “0% fucosylated antibody” and “100% non-fucosylated antibody” are used interchangeably and have the same meaning and scope.

The present disclosure particularly relates to disruption or inactivation of the FUT8 gene or GMD gene in a cell. It is understood for anyone skilled in the art that both FUT8 and GMD genes could be disrupted together in the same cell line to achieve fucose knock out cell line using the CRISPR/Cas constructs described in this disclosure.

The FUT8 gene encodes the enzyme α-1,6 fucosyltransferase. The GMD gene encodes GDP-D-mannose 4,6-dehydratase.

In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the cell is a cell that naturally produces a protein.

In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the cell is a cell that naturally produces an antibody.

In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the cell is a cell that does not naturally produce a given protein, and a gene encoding the protein is introduced into the cell.

In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the cell is a cell that does not naturally produce an antibody, and a gene encoding an antibody is introduced into the cell.

In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the cell is a cell that naturally produces an antibody, and a gene encoding an antibody is introduced into the cell.

In an embodiment, the cell is a eukaryotic cell.

In an embodiment, the cell is mammalian cell.

In a non-limiting embodiment, the cell is Chinese Hamster Ovary cell.

In a non-limiting embodiment, the cell is Chinese Hamster Ovary K1 (CHOK1) cell.

In an embodiment, the CHOK1 cell is an antibody producing cell.

In an embodiment, the antibody produced by the method of the present disclosure is a therapeutic antibody.

In another embodiment, the CHOK1 cell is not an antibody producing cell, and a gene encoding an antibody is introduced into the cell.

In embodiments of the present disclosure, the cell line is selected from the group consisting of COS, CHO-S, CHO-K1, CHO-DG44, CHO-DUXB11, CHO-DUKX, CHOK1SV, VERO, MDCK, W138, V79, B14AF28-G3, BHK, HaK, NSO, SP2/0-Ag14, HeLa, HEK293-F, HEK293-H, HEK293-T, YB23HL.P2.Gl1.16Ag 20, perC6, Hybridoma cell which produces antibody, embryonic stem cell, Namalwa cell, insect cell line from Spodoptera fugiperda (Sf), Pichia, Saccharomyces and Schizosaccharomyces.

In a non-limiting embodiment of the present disclosure, the cell is a cell with Glutamine synthetase knockout (GS−/−), preferably a CHOK1 cell with Glutamine synthetase knockout (GS−/−).

In an embodiment, the cell is referred to as a “Fucose Knockout” cell or “FKO” cell or “Fucose Knockout” platform or “FKO” platform.

In an embodiment, the cell is referred to as a Recombinant cell.

In an embodiment, CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)-Cas complex is used to disrupt or inactivate the Fucosylation pathway of a cell.

In an embodiment, CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)-Cas complex is used to disrupt or inactivate one or more genes of the Fucosylation pathway of a cell.

In an embodiment, CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)-Cas complex is used to disrupt or inactivate or mutate gene selected from the group comprising a 1,6 Fucosyl transferase (Fut8 gene), GDP mannose 4, 6 dehydratase (GMD gene), GDP-keto-6 deoxymannose 3,5 epimerase 4-reductase (FX gene), GDP-beta-L-fucose pyrophosphorylase (GEPP gene), and Fucose kinase gene.

In an embodiment, the present disclosure relates to disruption of a combination of Fut8 gene and GMD gene in a cell by CRISPR/Cas complex of the present disclosure.

In the de novo pathway of fucosylation, GDP-fucose is synthesized through conversion of GDP-mannose to GDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-mannose, catalyzed by the enzyme GDP-mannose 4, 6-dehydratase (GMD). This GDP-Fucose is then transported inside the golgi and used as a substrate for protein fucosylation by the enzyme α-(1-6) fucosyltransferase. The enzyme transfers the fucose moiety from GDP-fucose to N-acetyl glucosamine of the N-glycan chain. In an embodiment, CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)-Cas complex) is used to disrupt the Fut8 gene encoding the α-1,6 fucosyltransferase enzyme.

In an embodiment, CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)-Cas complex is used to disrupt the GMD gene encoding the GDP-mannose 4, 6-dehydratase enzyme.

In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the N-terminal catalytic region of fucosyl transferase enzyme is targeted by CRISPR/Cas complex. In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the active site of the GDP-mannose 4, 6-dehydratase enzyme is targeted by CRISPR/Cas complex.

In a particular embodiment, Exon 7 of the gene sequence of Fut8 is targeted by CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) Cas complex.

In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the Fucosyltransferase enzyme is mutated at an amino acid position selected from the amino acid sequences at the beta 2 strand and the 3112 helix region coded by exon 7 coding sequence. The resulting clones may result in premature translation stop therefore absence of downstream sequences such as Arg-365, Arg-366, Asp-368, Lys-369, Glu-373, Tyr-382, Asp-409. Asp-410, Asp-453, Ser-469 and combinations thereof.

In a particular embodiment, Exon 3 or Exon 4 of the gene sequence of GMD is targeted by CRISPR/Cas (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) constructs.

The CRISPR/Cas constructs are designed as a two vector system, in general. One construct codes for the Cas9 endonuclease expression and the second vector expresses the gRNA—which is made up of the crRNA and tracrRNA. The crRNA is usually designed as 20 nucleotide long fragment that recognizes the target sequence depending on proper positioning of tracrRNA, PAM sequence and the functional complex of crRNA-Cas9-tracrRNA In certain cases, one single vector expresses both gRNA and the Cas9 protein for higher activity and ease of use. Target recognition specificity comes from the crRNA design.

In embodiments of the present disclosure, the DNA binding domain is also referred to as the DNA recognition domain.

In an embodiment of the present disclosure, polynucleotides encoding said CRISPR/Cas complex are also provided, as are cells comprising said polynucleotides.

In a particular embodiment, nucleotides encoding for the DNA binding domain of CRISPR Cas9 complex are provided. In another embodiment, nucleotides encoding for the nuclease domain of CRISPR Cas9 complex are provided.

In an embodiment, the nuclease is Cas9.

In another embodiment, the nuclease is Cas9n (nickase) D10A mutant.

In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the CRISPR/Cas complex recognizes target site in FUT8 gene or GMD gene. In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the nuclease is a homing endonuclease. In another embodiment, the nuclease is a meganuclease. It is also known that the specificity of homing endonucleases and meganucleases can be engineered to bind non-natural target sites. Further, in exemplary embodiments, homing endonucleases include 1-Scel, 1-CeuI, PI-PspI, PI-Sce, I-ScelY, I-CsmI, I-Pani, I-SceII, I-PpoI, I-SceIII, I-CreI, I-TevI, I-TevII and I-TevIII. Their recognition sequences are known.

In an embodiment, a combination of one or more of the above-mentioned nucleases is used with the DNA binding domain of the CRISPR-Cas protein complex.

In an embodiment, transfection is used to introduce a CRISPR/Cas complex into a cell Though a lipofection protocol is provided as an exemplary embodiment, any method of transfection known to one skilled in the art is equally applicable to the methods of the present disclosure.

In another embodiment, the present disclosure provides methodologies for producing recombinant proteins in any host cell where the host cell has endogenous FUT8 gene or GMD expression which is targeted through CRISPR/Cas technology to disrupt endogenous FUT8 or GMD gene as described herein. The resulting cell line is null for FUT8 gene or GMD gene expression and is further used for expression of gene of interest.

In the present disclosure, seventeen FUT8 knock out clonal cell lines are created from a screen of less than 60 clonal cell lines generated after transfection with pD1401 (gRNA 514-553) CRISPR/Cas complex. In comparison, only three FUT8 −/− cell lines could be selected from approximately 120,000 clonal cell lines as reported in the prior art.

In the present disclosure, thirty GMD knock out clonal cell lines are created from a screen of less than 200 clonal cell lines after transfection with pD1401 (gRNA 167-207) and pD1301 (gRNA 404) CRISPR/Cas complex.

The specificity, safety and simplicity of the protocol are some of the advantages offered by CRISPR/Cas complex and the method of the present disclosure over the prior art methods. CRISPR mediated gene disruption provides a unique advantage of specificity of target locus that allows customized CRISPR/Cas complex to recognize user defined target sequence of any complexity. CRISPR/Cas complex are more effective than ZFN in terms of genome editing efficiency and significantly less toxic, thereby allowing higher efficiency in generating mutant clones against a particular locus. In the present disclosure, FUT8 genomic loci and GMD genomic loci are targeted for sequence specific modification through CRISPR gRNAs.

The methodology described herein has achieved an efficiency of more than 28% success rate of generating CHOK1 FUT8 knock out cell lines (17 CHOK1 knock out cell lines from a screen of less than 60 clonal cell populations) and more than 15% success rate of generating CHOK1 GMD knock out cell lines (30 CHOK1 GMD knock out cell line out of 200 clonal cell population) This unanticipated achievement following the methodology and the specific CRISPR constructs of the present disclosure has vastly improved the FUT8 and GMD knock out cell line development.

Also, the present disclosure has used only one set of CRISPR constructs targeting a very specific genomic location in the CHOK1 FUT8 DNA sequence and two separate sites at the CHOK1 GMD genomic loci. Surprisingly, the CRISPR/Cas complex results in not only disrupting the targeted amino acids but also produced long deletions which introduced frame shift mutations and premature stop codon. Thereby, the present disclosure has achieved many CHOK1 FUT8 knock out cell lines and multiple GMD knock out cell lines with very minimal DNA is modifications at the target locus as well as large genome level modifications at the targeted FUT8 and GMD loci. Generation of such a large number of CHOK1 FUT8 and GMD knock out cell lines is unexpected, considering the small number of clonal populations screened for fucose knock out phenotype. This surprising achievement provides for screening multiple CHOK1 FUT8 knock out cell lines and GMD knock out cell lines to establish best performing clonal lines for over expression of monoclonal antibody.

In an embodiment, the gene of interest is introduced in the resulting cell line through an expression vector comprising DNA sequences encoding the protein of interest, thereby producing recombinant protein.

In another embodiment, the expressed protein of interest includes antibodies, including monoclonal antibodies.

In embodiments, inactivating a FUT8 gene results in a cell line which produces recombinant proteins at higher levels.

In embodiments, inactivating a GMD gene results in a cell line which produces recombinant proteins at higher levels.

In certain embodiments, inactivating a FUT8 gene provides a cell line in which one or more activities (functions) of a protein is increased, as compared to proteins produced in cells where the FUT8 gene is not inactivated.

In certain embodiments, inactivating a GMD gene provides a cell line in which one or more activities (functions) of a protein is increased, as compared to proteins produced in cells where the GMD gene is not inactivated.

In an embodiment, the non-fucosylated protein produced by the cell is a non-fucosylated antibody.

In a non-limiting embodiment, the non-fucosylated protein is a non-fucosylated IgG1 antibody, and preferably a non-fucosylated IgG1 monoclonal antibody.

In an embodiment, the non-fucosylated antibody exhibits greater effector function than a corresponding fucosylated antibody.

In an embodiment, the non-fucosylated antibody exhibits more efficacious therapeutic properties than a corresponding fucosylated antibody.

In an embodiment, the non-fucosylated antibody exhibits higher Antibody dependent Cellular Toxicity (ADCC) than a corresponding fucosylated antibody.

In the present disclosure, the methods, preparation and use of the proteins disclosed employ, unless otherwise indicated, conventional techniques in molecular biology, biochemistry, computational chemistry, cell culture, recombinant DNA technology, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and related fields. These techniques, their principles, and requirements are explained in the literature and known to a person skilled in the art. The techniques for determining nucleic acid and amino acid sequence identity are known to one skilled in the art.

The cell with the disrupted fucosylation machinery is a cell that naturally produces antibodies, or a cell in which a gene encoding an antibody is introduced before or after disruption of fucosylation.

A “functional fragment” of a protein, polypeptide or nucleic acid is a protein, polypeptide or nucleic acid whose sequence is not identical to the full-length protein, polypeptide or nucleic acid, yet retains the same function as the full-length protein, polypeptide or nucleic acid.

The term “antibody” used here includes both polyclonal and monoclonal antibody preparations and also includes the following: Chimeric antibody molecules, F(ab′)2 and F(ab) fragments, Fv molecules, single chain Fv molecules (ScFv), dimeric and trimeric antibody fragments, minibodies, humanized monoclonal antibody molecules, human antibodies, fusion proteins comprising Fc region of antibody and any functional fragments arising out of these molecules, where derivative molecules retain immunological functionality of the parent antibody molecule.

The term “monoclonal antibody” in the present disclosure, refers to an antibody composition having a homogeneous antibody population. The antibody is not limited to the species or source of the antibody or by the manner in which it is made. The term encompasses whole immunoglobulins as well as fragments such as Fab, F(ab′)2, Fv, and other fragments, as well as chimeric and humanized homogeneous antibody populations that exhibit immunological binding properties of the parent monoclonal antibody molecule.

It is to be noted that clones/cells of the present disclosure are referred to by terms such as CR1KOT1#06, CR1KOT1#23 etc., which are internal denominations and do not represent any particular feature of the cell. These cell lines are developed using pD1401 (gRNA 514-553) CRISPR/Cas complex.

It is to be noted that clones/cells of the present disclosure are referred to by terms such as C1GMD1.12, C1GMD1.27 etc., which are internal denominations and do not represent any particular feature of the cell. These cell lines are developed using pD1401 (gRNA 167-207) CRISPR/Cas complex.

It is to be noted that clones/cells of the present disclosure are referred to by terms such as C1GMD2.30, C1GMD2.34 etc., which are internal denominations and do not represent any particular feature of the cell. These cell lines are developed using pD1301 (gRNA 404) CRISPR/Cas complex.

It is to be noted that clones/cells of the present disclosure are referred to by terms such as C1GMD3.36, C1GMD3.43 etc., which are internal denominations and do not represent any particular feature of the cell. These cell lines are developed using a combination of pD1401 (gRNA 167-207) and pD1301 (gRNA 404) CRISPR/Cas complex.

In an embodiment, a composition comprising the non-fucosylated antibody, optionally along with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or additive or excipient is provided. Pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or additive or excipient is determined by the composition being administered, as well as by the particular method used to administer the composition and is known to a person skilled in the art.

All sequences provided in the present disclosure are read in the 5′ to 3′ direction, unless stated otherwise.

Excipients are important for achieving protein stabilization and improving other qualities of biologics. A variety of excipients are added to compositions to stabilize proteins, act as antimicrobials, aid in the manufacture of the dosage form, control or target drug delivery, and minimize pain upon injection.

Excipients can be broadly divided into five categories based on their modes of action:

1. Protein stabilizers: These excipients stabilize the protein native conformation. Examples include polyols, sugars, amino acids, amines, and salting out salts. Sucrose and trehalose are the most frequently used sugars and large polyols are better stabilizers than smaller polyols.

2. Polymers and proteins Hydrophilic polymers, such as Polyethylene Glycols (PEGs), polysaccharides, and inert proteins, are used non-specifically to stabilize proteins and enhance protein assembly. Examples include Dextran, Hydroxyl Ethyl Starch (HETA), PEG-4000, and gelatin.

3. Surfactants: Non-ionic surfactants are widely used to stabilize proteins, suppress aggregation, and assist in protein refolding. Polysorbate 80 and Polysorbate 20, also known as Tween 80 and Tween 20, respectively, are generally used in mAb therapeutics. Other examples include Brij 35, Triton X-10, Pluronic F127, and Sodium Doceyl Sulfate (SDS).

4 Amino acids: These excipients stabilize proteins by a variety of mechanisms. Examples include Histidine, Arginine, and Glycine. Other amino acids used as formulation excipients include Methionine, Proline, Lysine, Glutamic acid, and Arginine mixtures.

5. Preservatives: These compounds are included in formulations to prevent microbial growth. Examples include Benzyl alcohol, m-Cresol, and Phenol.

The biological material used in the present disclosure is obtained from outside India.

Rationale for Targeting Specific Genomic Sequence in FUT 8 Locus

FUT8 is comprised of three domains, an N-terminal coiled-coil domain, a catalytic domain, and a C-terminal SH3 domain.

Fut8 protein structure is studied extensively to understand the functional domain of the enzyme amino acid sequence. Three dimensional crystal structure of FUT8 enzyme revealed 15 strands and 16 helices. There are at least three regions, N terminus (residues 68-107), C-terminus (573-575) and residues 368-372 which are disordered.

The putative catalytic domain of the FUT8 enzyme is consisted of two domains, an open sheet alpha/beta domain and the Rossmann fold widely known for nucleotide binding region. The alpha/beta domain consisted of five helices and three beta strands, which are alpha 4, 3H1, 3H2, 3H3, beta 1, beta 2 and beta3 strands. The domain is located in the N terminus of the protein sequence. There is no clear evidence how the N terminus catalytic domain is responsible for enzyme functionality.

The Rossmann fold is located downstream at residue 359-492 and contains several alpha helix and beta strands. A series of residues Arg 365, Arg 366, Asp-368, Lys-369, Glu-373, Tyr-382, Asp-409, Asp-410, Asp-453, and Ser-469 play an important role in catalytic domain of FUT8 enzyme.

Ten amino acid residues, Arg 365, Arg 366, Asp-368, Lys-369, Glu-373. Tyr-382, Asp-409, Asp-410, Asp-453, and Ser-469 of human FUT8 enzyme protein are conserved among various species, including vertebrates, insect, nematode, and ascidian as observed in FIG. 19 of the present disclosure.

To understand the contribution of specific amino acid sequence in FUT8 gene in a 1,6 fucosyltransferase activity, regions of FUT8 amino acid sequence are compared among multiple species. The alignment shows that the enzyme sequences constitute highly conserved amino acid residues at the beta 2 strand and the 3H2 helix region. Thus, these amino acid positions are the target of CRISPR/Cas complex in the method of the present disclosure.

Rationale for Targeting GMD and FUT8 Genes in CHOK1 Cell Line

Fucose knock out platform is useful to achieve non fucosylated monoclonal antibody molecule development. In many instances, developing completely non fucosylated antibody is a preferred outcome and therefore strategies are made in this disclosure to create complete knock out of Fucose biosynthetic pathway genes. In certain cases, the monoclonal antibody therapeutic drug product may require partial fucosylation which is not available naturally. To create designed versions of fucosylated monoclonal antibodies for therapeutic purposes, the GMD knock out CHOK1 cell line is very useful.

GMD gene is involved in the fucosylation pathway, upstream of FUT8 gene and responsible for GDP-fucose synthesis through conversion of GDP-mannose to GDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-mannose. This step is one of the critical steps of de novo fucose biosynthetic pathway. GDP fucose is also produced in cells through salvage pathway and is used for fucosylation of cellular proteins. In salvage pathway, cells uptake fucose from growth media. The de novo pathway for fucose biosynthesis is completely stopped if the GMD gene is knocked out and completely non-functional. The GDP-Fucose biosynthesis still remains active through salvage pathway if the growth media is supplemented with Fucose. Therefore, fucose biosynthetic pathway and cellular protein fucosylation still remains active.

The GMD knock out CHOK1 cell lines provide a unique advantage wherein if the monoclonal antibody need to be 100% defucosylated, GMD double knock out cellular platform is used. In cases, where the monoclonal antibodies require specific level of fucosylation, the salvage pathway to generate GDP-Fucose is utilized through supplementation of growth media with L-Fucose. Essentially, the level of monoclonal antibody fucosylation is achieved through titrating levels of L-Fucose in growth medium. Therefore, GMD KO strategy provides 100% non fucosylated product to variable levels of fucosylation by simple titration of L-Fucose in CHOK1 culture media. This is a unique strategy to control fucosylation of monoclonal antibody production in CHOK1 cells.

On the other hand, Fut8 enzyme functions downstream of GDP-Fucose biosynthesis step and is the last enzymatic step for fucosylation of cellular proteins in golgi. Fucosylation precursors from both de novo and salvage pathway use FUT8 enzyme for final fucose moiety transfer.

Therefore, knocking out Fut8 gene essentially stops both de novo and salvage pathway of cellular protein fucosylation. This approach results in 100% defucosylation of monoclonal antibodies produced in the Fut8 knock out CHOK1 cell line.

Targeting Active Site of GMD:

The enzyme GDP-D-mannose 4,6-dehydratase (GMD) catalyzes the conversion of GDP-D-mannose to the intermediate GDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-mannose. This serves as a branching point to several different deoxyhexoses, including GDP-D-rhamnose, GDP-L-fucose, GDP-6-deoxy-D-talose, and the GDPdideoxy amino sugar GDP-D-perosamine. Among these GDP-L-fucose is an important intermediary in fucose biosynthetic pathway. GMD is a member of the NDP-sugar modifying subfamily of the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR).

As a member of this subfamily, GMD binds its cofactor NADP(H) in the N-terminal portion of the molecule in which a common glycine-rich region is present. The catalytic triad has been identified as Tyr-XXX-Lys and Ser/Thr, which are all important for catalysis. Although there is significant amino acid sequence variability in members of this group of enzyme, three dimensional structural similarities exist.

Structure analysis of GMD from E. coli suggests that the active molecule is in dimeric configuration. Whereas homolog from Arabidopsis thaliana is tetrameric, and that the NADP(H) binding site is intimately involved in creating the tetramer interface. It is most probable that the functional form of GMD enzyme in eukaryotes consists of tetrameric configuration. GMD crystallizes with four monomeric units and the monomers interact with each other to form the catalytic domain. Opposing monomers interact through hydrogen bonding between Asn 163, Arg 147, Glu166, Tyr145, and Arg147. Tetramerization of GMD results in suitable cofactor binding sites (NADPH) at the interface. Ser85 plays a crucial role in hydrogen bonding to the pyrophosphate at the active site. In addition, the nicotinamide ribose hydroxyls are within hydrogen bonding distance to the catalytic residues Tyr150 and Lys154, interactions that are highly conserved in SDR enzymes.

The RR loop, a segment of nine residues (Arg35 Arg43), stretches into the neighboring monomer making protein-protein interactions and contacts to the neighboring cofactor. Protein-protein interactions include Arg35 hydrogen bonding to Ser85 and Gul188. For substrate binding, it has been reported that GDP-D-mannose interaction could depend on the ability to make potential hydrogen bonds to Thr126, Ser127, and Glu128. Also, both catalytic residues Thr126 and Tyr150 as well as Ser85 could hydrogen bond to the hexose 04 hydroxyl. The catalytic mechanism proposed for GMD involves few key residues like Thr126, Ser127, Glu128, Tyr150 among others.

Considering the importance of these residues, multiple CRISPR/Cas complex are targeted which potentially disturb the tetrameric configuration of the active enzyme as well as affect the cofactor binding region and substrate interaction motifs. One CRISPR construct is designed in proposed dimeric interface of amino acid sequence ADVDGVGTLRLL. This region is part of Exon4 of the GMD gene. The CRISPR construct targets Cas9 endonuclease to create double stand DNA break in exon 4. The break site is positioned before key amino acid residues in the motif ADVDGVGTLRLL with the assumption that any modification in these amino acids directly affects catalytic mechanism of the GMD enzyme.

A second set of CRISPR/Cas complex is designed in exon 3 of the GMD gene. This CRISPR design is unique for high specificity, where a mutant Cas9, known as D10A Cas9 nickase mutant (Cas9n) is chosen, causing DNA single strand break. The two CRISPR/Cas complexes designed for two single strand DNA break allow high level of specificity. The constructs are designed at proposed tertrameric interface amino acid sequence motif YGDLTDSTCLVK. The two single stand breaks allow DNA repair by the NHEJ mechanism and it introduces mutations in this region. These mutations affect the important Ser85 residue involved in maintaining the interactions of monomers in the tetrameric configuration.

Position of important structural motifs in GMD gene exon 3 and exon 4 and CRISPR target locations are depicted in FIG. 9B.

Both CRISPR/Cas designs are unique and achieve higher potential in generating fucose knock out CHOK1 cell line.

Targeting Active Site of Fut8:

One of the most important aspects of the present disclosure is the targeting of the catalytic site of the enzyme α 1,6-fucosyltransferase, encoded by the Fut8 gene. Fut8 protein structure is studied extensively to understand the functional domain of the enzyme amino acid sequence. Three dimensional crystal structure of FUT8 enzyme revealed 15 strands and 16 helices. There are at least three regions, N terminus (residues 68-107), C-terminus (573-575) and residues 368-372 are disordered.

The putative catalytic domain of the FUT8 enzyme consists of two domains, an open sheet alpha,beta domain and the Rossmann fold widely known for nucleotide binding region. The alpha/beta domain consists of five helices and three beta strands, which are alpha 4, 3H1, 3H2, 3H3, beta 1, beta 2 and beta 3 strands. The domain is located in the N terminus of the protein sequence. There is no clear evidence how the N terminus catalytic domain is responsible for enzyme functionality. The CRISPR/Cas target sequences are targeted in this region. Fut 8 exon7 genomic locus, respective amino acid sequence and position of important structural motifs and CRISPR target locations are depicted in FIG. 9A.

This targeting is not a random selection, but has been arrived at, in the present disclosure, by experimentation to determine the highly specific location on the gene or enzyme, the disruption of which ensures that partial fucosylation that is caused by truncated or partially functional enzyme is avoided.

The Rossmann fold on the other hand, is located downstream at residue 359-492 and contains several alpha helix and beta strands. A series of residues Arg 365. Arg 366. Asp-368, Lys-369, Glu-373, Tyr-382. Asp-409, Asp-410, Asp-453, and Ser-469 play an important role in catalytic domain of FUT8 enzyme.

Thus, targeting the region equivalent to the active site of the enzyme ensures complete disruption of the Fut8 gene and provides efficacious results in comparison to either a technique that is unable to target a precise location on the Fut8 gene or a technique that targets another location on the Fut8 gene, which might result in partial disruption of Fut8 gene and enzyme activity. A cell with partially functional fucosylated machinery produces partially fucosylated proteins, which exhibits lower therapeutic functions as compared to non-fucosylated proteins. The cells produced by the method of the present disclosure produce completely or 100% non-fucosylated proteins, including 100% non-fucosylated antibodies.

The present disclosure introduces mutations at critical amino acid positions at the catalytic site of the FUT8 codon sequence through CRISPR/Cas complex. The CRISPR design is aimed to primarily target the N-terminal catalytic domain, specifically the beta 2 strand and the 3H2 helix region by incorporating single stranded breaks. The cellular DNA repair system introduces nucleotide changes while carrying out the single stand break repair and creates non-functional FUT8 enzyme.

The CRISPR system is well known for deletion and insertion in a localized manner and therefore creates frame-shift mutation at the targeted exon7 and inserts stop codons. Introduction of stop codons ensures premature translation termination and the downstream Rossmann fold is excluded from enzyme structure, resulting in non-functional FUT8 enzyme.

In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the subsequent genomic DNA analysis of the modified CHOK1 cell lines reveals deletion, insertion, stop codon as well as frame shift mutations. Thus, the present disclosure envisages disruption of Fut8 gene and Fucosyltransferase enzyme by targeting amino acid positions in the beta 2 strand and the 3H2 helix through deletions, insertions and/or frame shift mutations.

The resulting clones may result in premature translation stop therefore causing extensive changes in critical downstream sequences such as Arg-365, Arg-366. Asp-368, Lys-369, Glu-373, Tyr-382, Asp-409, Asp-410, Asp-453, Ser-469 and combinations thereof.

FIG. 19 of the present disclosure depicts alignment of FUT8 amino acid sequence of rat, human, mouse, cattle and Chinese hamster Amino acids in the Rossmann fold 365, 366, 368, 369 and 373 are marked with asterisks. Amino acids in shaded box indicate residues not aligned with consensus sequence. Amino acids in the exon 7 region are also marked. CRISPR recognition sequences are marked by thick lines.

In the present disclosure, the FUT8 amino acid sequence from CHOK1 genomic database is analyzed and it is confirmed that these critical amino acids are conserved in the FUT8 gene derived from CHOK1 cell line as well. Sequence specific CRISPR/Cas complex is designed, targeting gene sequences upstream of these amino acid motifs to introduce genomic modifications. It is analysed how altering amino acid sequences upstream of the critical FUT8 enzyme catalytic domain disrupts the enzyme function.

It is stated that mutation of these critical amino acids provides complete disruption of FUT8 gene functionality. Gene targeting using CRISPR/Cas technology is a novel approach to create a Fucose knock out cell line platform. CRISPR/Cas transfected cells are screened through FUT8 gene functionality assays. Selected clones are confirmed through sequencing of genomic FUT8 loci for mutations. The mutant fucose knock out CHOK1 cell line is then used for expressing non-fucosylated therapeutic proteins, including non-fucosylated therapeutic monoclonal antibodies or part of antibody.

CRISPR/Cas constructs specifically targeting the amino acid codon sequences in genomic locations are designed, and cloned in expression vectors, for e.g. pD1401 or pD1301 depending on the type of Cas9 gene. The CRISPR/Cas complex is transiently transfected in CHOK1 cells; the cells are plated in 96 well plates for single colony generation. Each clone is then screened for fucosylation of cellular proteins using fluorescence based Lens Culinaris Agglutinin assay (LCA). Clones positive for FUT8 or GMD gene disruption are further tested through enzymatic assays and kinetic analysis of mutant alleles of FUT8 gene or GMD gene. Finally, the genomic sequence at the FUT8 and GMD loci is analyzed for any mutation carried out through CRISPR/Cas. These mutations involve deletions or insertions, thereby introducing frame shift mutations of the FUT8 and GMD codon sequence, and rendering the sequence disrupted and the enzymes non-functional.

The fucose knock out CHOK1 cell line derived from above mentioned process is used as a cell line platform for expressing proteins, monoclonal antibodies, peptides, fusion proteins of therapeutic purposes, biomarker development, diagnostic and prognosis uses.

The present disclosure is further described with reference to the following examples, which are only illustrative in nature and should not be construed to limit the scope of the present disclosure in any manner.

Reagent Preparation

Advanced DMEM complete growth medium—500 ml

-   1. 50 ml FBS (final concentration 10%) is added to the upper chamber     of the 500 ml filter unit. -   2. 10 ml of 200 mM glutamine (final concentration 4 mM) is added. -   3. 5 ml of 100× Pen-strep solution (final concentration 1×) is     added. -   4. The volume is adjusted up to 500 ml with advanced DMEM media. -   5. The complete media is filtered through 0.22 μm filter. -   6 The upper chamber is dismantled and the reservoir or media bottle     is closed. -   7. The media can be used within 30 days of preparation. -   8. The media is stored at 2° C. to 8° C. and away from continuous     exposure to light. -   9. In cases where LCA selection media is prepared, 10 ml of 10 mg/ml     stock LCA reagent is mixed with 500 ml of prepared DMEM media to     achieve final 200 μg % ml LCA concentration in DMEM media.

Materials & Equipment

1 Bio safety cabinet

2. Sorvall ST 16R centrifuge

3. Water bath

4. Inverted phase contrast microscope

5. CO₂ incubator

6. Millipore GUAVA 8HT easyCyte benchtop flow cytometer

7 Vi-cell XR cell viability analyser

8 Hemocytometer

9. Refrigerator

10. Eppendorf minispin centrifuge

11. Micropipettes

12. Micro tips

13. 96 well tissue culture plates

14. 12 well tissue culture plates

15. 6 well tissue culture plates

16. Serological pipettes (10 ml, 25 ml and 50 ml)

17. 1000 ml filtration unit—0.22 μm pore size

18. 70% ethanol

19. Advanced DMEM

20. Dulbecco's Phosphate Buffered Saline (DPBS)

21. Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)

22. Penicillin Streptomycin (Penstrep)

23. Glutamine

24. 0.05% Trypsin EDTA

25. 0.4% Trypan blue

26. Microfuge tubes (1.5 ml and 2 ml)

27. Falcon tubes (15 ml and 50 ml)

28. Bovine serum albumin fraction V

29. Fluorescein Lens Culinaris Agglutinin (LCA-FITC)

30. Fluorescein Streptavidin (Strep-FITC)

TABLE 1 Reagents used in this diclosure S. No. Reagent Composition 1 Agarose Agarose (SIGMA, Cat- A9539) 2 1 kb DNA ladder 1 kb ladder (Thermoscientific Cat-SM0311) 3 100 bp DNA ladder 100 bp ladder (Thermoscientific, Cat-SM0322) 4 QIAGEN genomic DNeasy Blood & Tissue Kit DNA isolation kit (QIAGEN, Cat-69504) 5 Taq DNA polymerase Taq DNA polymerase with thermopol (NEB, Cat-M0267 & M0273L) 6 Phusion high-fidelity Phusion high-fidelity DNA polymerase DNA polymerase (Thermo Scientific, Cat-F530L) 7 InsTAclone PCR TA cloning vector pTZ57R/T (Thermo cloning Scientific, Cat- K1214) 8 Competent cells Max Efficiency DH10B competent cells DH10B cells (Invitrogen, Cat- 18297-010) 9 Competent cells NEB 5-alpha competent cells (NEB, DH5alpha cells Cat-C2987P) 10 Ethanol absolute Sdfine chem, Cat- 58051 L05 (99.9%) 11 Plasmid DNA isolation QiaPrep spin miniprep Kit (QIAGEN, Cat-27104) 12 DNA elution kit QIAGEN Gel Extraction kit (Cat-20021 and 20051) 13 Restriction enzymes EcoRI-HF (NEB, Cat-R3101) Hind III-HF (NEB, Cat- R3104) 14 T4 ligase T4 DNA Ligase (NEB, Cat-M0202)

TABLE 2 Media and buffers used in this disclosure S. No. Media/Buffers Composition 1 6X loading DNA Sucrose-4 g, Bromophenol blue-0.025 g, dye made up to 10 mL using purified water. 3 50X TAE buffer Tris base-121 g, Glacial acetic acid-28.6 mL, EDTA (0.5M) pH-8- 50 mL, made up to a volume of 500 mL with purified water.

Example 1: Designing of CRISPR/Cas Constructs

The objective of this example is to design CRISPR/Cas complex for specific inactivation of FUT8 and the GMD alleles.

1.1—CRISPR Constructs

CRISPR is based on a class of RNA-guided endonucleases known as Cas9 from the microbial adaptive immune system found in Streptococcus pyogenes. Cas9 nuclease is directed to specific sites on the genome by guide RNAs (gRNAs). The Cas9/gRNA complex binds to a 20 bp target sequence that is followed by a 3 bp protospacer activation motif (PAM) NGG or NAG on the specific gene that needs to be edited (Jinek, 2012; Mali, 2013). Thus, the binding of this whole complex creates double stranded breaks (DSBs).

A crucial step in targeted genome editing at genomic loci that need to bemodified, is the introduction of these DSBs. Once, DSBs are introduced, they are repaired either by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) or homology directed repair (HDR).

NHEJ is known for the efficient introduction of insertion/deletion mutations (indels) that in turn cause disruption of the translational reading frame of the target coding sequence or at binding sites of trans-acting factors in promoters or enhancers. On the other hand, HDR mediated repair can insert specific point mutations or sequences at the target locus. Thus, co-transfection of cell types with vectors that express the Cas9 nuclease and the gRNAs targeted to a specific gene locus can efficiently knock down the expression of target genes. The expected frequency of mutations at these specific sites ranges from >1% to 50% (Sander 2014).

Selection of mutants is performed by simple screening using sequencing, without the use of drug resistance marker selection. In order to increase the specificity of gene disruption, the present disclosure uses mutant Cas9 (D10A) that is guided by two guide RNAs for a single gene locus and that introduces two single stranded breaks or nicks. This also reduces the chances of non-specific binding at other random sites. A vector encoding Cas9-D10A and the 2 gRNAs are used to cause efficient gene knock-out.

The GMD and Fut8 genomic loci are targeted for sequence specific deletions through CRISPR/CAS9 technology and generate defucosylated mammalian expression systems.

1.2—the Complete Process of Obtaining CRISPR Construct is Composed of the Following Steps:

-   1. CRISPR Designing. -   2. Primer Designing. -   3. Synthesis of Oligonucleotides. -   4. Transformation of CRISPR constructs pD1401 (gRNA 514-553), pD1401     (gRNA 167-207) and pD1301 (gRNA 404) on LB (Luria Broth)+ampicillin     plate. -   5. Inoculation of transformed cells (CRISPR constructs) into LB with     Ampicillin broth. -   6. Isolation of Plasmid pD1401 (gRNA 514-553), pD1401 (gRNA 167-207)     and pD1301 (gRNA 404) from DHOB or DH5alpha cells. -   7. Transfection into CHOK1 cells, screening and selection by LCA     assay. -   8. Genomic DNA isolation of selected clones using QIAGEN DNeasy     Blood & Tissue Kit. -   9. Quantification by Spectrophotometry. -   10. Optimization of PCR Condition. -   11. Cross checking the Genomic DNA sample by PCR -   12. Electroplioresis on agarose gel. -   13. PCR amplification using Phusion polymerase and tailing using Taq     polymerase. -   14. PCR product gel elution using QIAGEN kit. -   15. TA cloning using pTZ57R/T vector. -   16. Transformation of ligated sample pTZ57R/T+CRISPR(PCR) in DH10B     or DR5alpha cells. -   17. Inoculation of transformed cells (pTZ57R/T+CRISPR(PCR)) into LB     with Ampicillin broth. -   18. Isolation of plasmid DNA (pTZ57R/T+CRISPR(PCR) from DH5alpha and     DH10 cells using QIAGEN plasmid DNA isolation kit. -   19. Cross checking for the presence of insert by restriction     digestion (Sites). -   20. Sequencing primers: and -   21. Confirmation of the NDELs by sequencing.

FIG. 1A of the present disclosure depicts the Fut8 coding sequence and protein sequence. FUT8 genomic sequence is analyzed from database sequence, sequence ID NW_003613860. FUT8 genomic sequence spans from 570171-731804 bases and contains eleven exons depicted as E1 to E11 in the figure. Base pairs locations for each exon are also indicated. E1, E2 and part of E3 constitute un-translated region in the upstream sequence, and part of E11 is also part of un-translated region. Translated regions are described as CDS 1 to CDS 9. Length of each CDS is indicated below the CDS number. CDS1 to CDS9 code for amino acid sequences varying from 38 amino acids to 105 amino acids.

Cricetulus griseus or Chinese Hamster fucosyltransferase 8 (Fut8) mRNA (3126 bp) is derived from NCBI Reference Sequence: XM_003501735.1, also represented by SEQ ID No. 1 of the present disclosure.

Alternative exons are represented in upper and lower case letters.

Fut8 protein structure is studied extensively to understand the functional domain of the enzyme. Three dimensional crystal structure of FUT8 enzyme revealed 15 strands and 16 helices.

Amino acid sequence of FUT8 gene is provided in FIG. 2A.

The CRISPR/Cas binding regions are designed in such a way that the specificity of site recognition is high and at the same time the CRISPR/Cas complex carries out the intended DNA single strand break.

In an embodiment, Cas9n (D10A mutant of Cas9 endonuclease) is used for the CRISPR/Cas complex. The Cas9n endonuclease causes single strand DNA break. The two CRISPR recognition sites (5′ recognition site and 3′ recognition site are spaced at 5 base pair distance, allowing two single stand breaks at close proximity. The resulting breaks allow the NHEJ process of DNA break repair and that introduces mutations in this region.

The CRISPR construct has two unique 20 basepair CRISPR recognition sequences flanked by gRNA scaffolds in tandem with U6 promoter elements for efficient expression of the gRNA sequences. The unique design allows one single vector to express two separate gRNA scaffolds and two unique CRISPR recognition sequences on the genomic DNA.

The nucleotide and amino acid sequence of wild type Cas9 gene is provided in Seq ID Nos. 3 and 4 respectively.

The nucleotide and amino acid sequence of the Cas9n endonuclease is provided in Seq ID Nos. 5 and 6 respectively.

The CRISPR/Cas design is uniquely positioned to target beta 2 strand and the 312 helix region by incorporating single stranded breaks. The design is compatible with two single strand breaks at close proximity, thereby imparting higher specificity of target recognition as NHEJ repair mechanism occurs only at these targeted genomic locations. Nonspecific single stand breaks, if created are usually repaired by homologous recombination which is accurate and rarely creates any mutation.

The primary target of the present disclosure is to create mutations at the N-terminal catalytic domain, the beta 2 strand and 3H2 helix Insertion and deletions through CRISPR/Cas at this location makes the FUT8 enzyme non-functional. In addition, frame shift mutations also cause premature translation stop codons, the Rossmann fold which is downstream of this region does not express then. Amino acid residues at Rossmann fold such as Arg 365, Arg 366, Asp-368, Lys-369, Glu-373, Tyr-382. Asp-409, Asp-410. Asp-453, and Ser-469 are very important for FUT8 functionality. The truncated enzyme will be non-functional and leads to Fucose knock out cell line.

FIG. 2A of the present disclosure depicts the CHOK1 Fut8 amino-acid sequence. Complete amino acid sequence of FUT8 gene is provided. Amino acid sequence from each CDS is indicated with large arrowheads. Small arrows indicate critical amino acids present in Exon 7 (CDS5) which are targeted in the Fut8 gene by CRISPR constructs.

The CHO whole cell genome shotgun sequencing data with accession number NW_003613860 for the Fut8 gene corresponds to a total of 161634 bp. The Pubmed accession number for the coding region or mRNA of the Fut8 gene is XM_003501735.1. The mRNA sequence, as shown in FIG. 1A, encompasses the complete coding sequence for expression of the FUT8 gene product, which is α-1,6 fucosyltransferase.

The Spidey alignment tool (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/spidey/spideyweb.cgi) is used to identify the exons in the genomic DNA by aligning the mRNA sequence with the genomic DNA sequence. A total of 11 exons with the boundaries as shown in Table 3 are identified.

TABLE 3 Characterization of Fut8 mRNA Length EXON Genomic coordinates mRNA coordinates (nucleotides) Exon 1 570171-570263  1-93 93 Exon 2 593436-593529  94-187 94 Exon 3 608623-609050 188-615 428 Exon 4 634802-634917 616-731 116 Exon 5 635025-635187 732-894 163 Exon 6 657197-657311  895-1009 115 Exon 7 673387-673624 1010-1247 238 Exon 8 709381-709627 1248-1494 247 Exon 9 710960-711136 1495-1671 177 Exon 10 721655-721805 1672-1822 151 Exon 11 730501-731804 1823-3126 1304

FUT8 enzyme functionalities through site directed mutagenesis studies of critically important amino acid residues in the catalytic domain has been confirmed.

A 100% identity between the genomic DNA and mRNA sequence is observed. Organization of the Fut8 gene showing all the 11 exons and position of the gRNAs targeting exon7 is shown in FIG. 1A of the present disclosure. The construct with mutant Cas9 nuclease (Cas9n) is designed, which creates single strand break (nick) at the target site. Two separate gRNAs are designed at close proximity in exon7 to create two nicks for eventual DNA repair.

In the present disclosure, CRISPR/Cas9 technology target sites are localized to the first few exons of the Fut8 gene. This is done to avoid partial fucosylation that can be caused by truncated or partially functional enzyme.

Exon-7 (CDS-5) nucleotide sequence of Fut8 is represented by SEQ ID No. 7 of the present disclosure.

AATCCCAAGGACTGCAGCAAAGCCAGAAAGCTGGTATGTAATATCAACAA AGGCTGTGGCTATGGATGTCAACTCCATCATGTGGTTTACTGCTTCATGA TTGCTTATGGCACCCAGCGAACACTCATCTTGGAATCTCAGAATTGGCGC TATGCTACTGGAGGATGGGAGACTGTGTTTAGACCTGTAAGTGAGACATG CACAGACAGGTCTGGCCTCTCCACTGGACACTGGTCAG

Exon-7 (CDS-5) amino acid sequence of Fut8 of CHO cell is represented by SEQ ID No. 8 of the present disclosure. The targeted amino acid positions in the protein/peptide sequence are underlined.

NPKDCSKARKLVCNINKGCGYGCQLHHVVYCFMIAYGTQRTLILESQNWR YATGGWETVFRPVSETCTDRSGLSTGHWS

Similar to the strategy outlined above for the Fut8 gene, the Spidey alignment tool (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/spidey/spideyweb.cgi) is used to identify the GMD gene exons in the genomic DNA by aligning the GMD mRNA sequence with the genomic DNA sequence. A total of 10 exons with a 5′ untranslated region and a poly A tail are identified and tabulated in Table 4.

Organization of the GMD gene showing all the 10 exons are provided in Table 4 of the present disclosure. The other CRISPR/Cas targets on the GMD gene, that are considered for targeting are also provided in Table 6.

TABLE 4 Characterization of GMD mRNA Length EXON Genomic coordinates mRNA coordinates (nucleotides) Exon 1  1-31 228-258 31 Exon 2 7779-7884 259-364 106 Exon 3  9961-10070 365-474 110 Exon 4 123180-123357 475-652 178 Exon 5 125698-125801 653-756 104 Exon 6 147875-148025 757-907 151 Exon 7 324508-324615  908-1015 108 Exon 8 346684-346784 1016-1116 101 Exon 9 441581-441654 1117-1190 74 Exon 10 441819-442215 1191-1587 397

GMD Exon-3 nucleotide sequence is represented by SEQ ID No. 9 of the present disclosure.

ACATGAAGTTGCACTATGGTGACCTCACCGACAGCACCTGCCTAGTAAAA ATCATCAATGAAGTCAAACCTACAGAGATCTACAATCTTGGTGCCCAGAG CCATGTCAAG

GMD Exon-3 nucleotide sequence is represented by SEQ ID No. 10 of the present disclosure.

ATTTCCTTTGACTTAGCAGAGTACACTGCAGATGTTGATGGAGTTGGCAC CTTGCGGCTTCTGGATGCAATTAAGACTTGTGGCCTTATAAATTCTGTGA AGTTCTACCAGGCCTCAACTAGTGAACTGTATGGAAAAGTGCAAGAAATA CCCCAGAAAGAGACCACCCCTTTCTATCCAAGGTCGCCCTATG

The targeted amino acid positions in the protein/peptide sequence are in bold letters (FIG. 2B). GMD Exon-3 amino acid sequence is represented by SEQ ID No. 11 of the present disclosure.

MKLHYGDLTDSTCLVKIINEVKPTEIYNLGAQSHVK

GMD Exon-4 amino acid sequence is represented by SEQ ID No. 12 of the present disclosure.

ISFDLAEYTADVDGVGTLRLLDAIKTCGLINSVKFYQASTSELYGKVQEIP QKETTPFYPRSPY

1.3—Sequence of Interest in Fut8 Gene to be Targeted Using CRISPR

In Exon 7 of the Fut8 gene, the sequences provided below are used to bind to the target DNA.

CRISPR recognition sequence 1 is represented by SEQ ID No. 13.

AATTGGCGCTATGCTACTGGAGG

gRNA1—is represented by SEQ ID No. 14.

AAUUGGCGCUAUGCUACUGGAGG

CRISPR recognition sequence 2 is represented by SEQ ID No. 15.

CCAGCGAACACTCATCTTGGAAT

gRNA2—is represented by SEQ ID No. 16

CCAGCGAACACUCAUCUUGGAAU

Multiple CRISPR/Cas potential sites all throughout FUT8 and GMD genomic sequences are designed. The following table indicates important sites at FUT8 genomic sequences.

TABLE 5 CRISPR recognition sequences (gRNA)  designed for FUT8 gene sequence Exon SEQ ID Locus CRISPR/Cas recognition location Nos. name DNA sequence (5′ to 3′) Exon SEQ ID gRNA TGACCACCCTGACCATTCTAGCAGAGAACTCTCCAAGATTC 3 No. 17 520-558 TTGCAAAGCTGGAGC Exon SEQ ID gRNA TCTCCAAGATTCTTGCAAAGCTGGAGCGCTTAAAACAACA 3 No. 18 549-590 AAATGAAGACTTGAGGAGA Exon SEQ ID gRNA AGGCCAAAGAACAGATTGAAAATTACAAGAAACAAGCTAG 4 No. 19 687-731 GAATG Exon SEQ ID gRNA AATCCCAAGGACTGCAGCAAAGCCAGAAAGCTGGTATGTA 7 No. 20 1019-1057 ATATCAACAAAGGCTG Exon SEQ ID gRNA GCACCCAGCGAACACTCATCTTGGAATCTCAGAATTGGCGC 7 No. 21 1128-1168 TATGCTACTGGAGGATG Exon SEQ ID gRNA AGACCTGTAAGTGAGACATGCACAGACAGGTCTGGCCTCT 7 No. 22 1199-1238 CCACTGGACACTGGTCA Exon SEQ ID gRNA CACCCAGCGAACACTCATCTTGGAATCTCAGAATTGGCGCT 7 No. 23 1120-1176 ATGCTACTGGAGGATG Exon SEQ ID gRNA TTACCCTTGGCTGTACCAGAAGACCTTGCAGATCGACTCCT 8 No. 24 1331-1369 GAGAGTCCATGGTGA Exon SEQ ID gRNA GTACCAGAAGACCTTGCAGATCGACTCCTGAGAGTCCATG 8 No. 25 1343-1385 GTGATCCTGCAGTGTGG Exon SEQ ID gRNA AGACCTTGCAGATCGACTCCTGAGAGTCCATGGTGATCCTG 8 No. 26 1351-1389 CAGTGTGGTGGGTAT Exon SEQ ID gRNA GATCCGTCCACAACCTTGGCTGGAAAGGGAAATAGAAGAA 8 No. 27 1426-1468 ACCACCAAGAAGCTTGGCTT Exon SEQ ID gRNA CGTCCACAACCTTGGCTGGAAAGGGAAATAGAAGAAACCA 8 No. 28 1430-1468 CCAAGAAGCTTGGCTT Exon SEQ ID gRNA CATCCTGATGCCTCTGCAAACTTCCATTCTTTAGATGACAT 11 No. 29 1868-1909 CTACTATTTTGGAGGCCA Exon SEQ ID gRNA CATCCTGATGCCTCTGCAAACTTCCATTCTTTAGATGACAT 11 No. 30 1868-1906 CTACTATTTTGGAGG Exon SEQ ID gRNA CAACCAGATTGCAGTTTATCCTCACCAACCTCGAACTAAAG 11 No. 31 1977-1936 AGGAAATCCCCATGGAAC Exon SEQ ID gRNA GAACCTGGAGATATCATTGGTGTGGCTGGAAACCATTGGA 11 No. 32 1991-2032 ATGGTTACTCTAAAGGTGT Exon SEQ ID gRNA AAACCATTGGAATGGTTACTCTAAAGGTGTCAACAGAAAA 11 No. 33 2020-2059 CTAGGAAAAACAGGCCT Exon SEQ ID gRNA CAACCTCGAACTAAAGAGGAAATCCCCATGGAACCTGGAG 11 No. 34 1961-2001 ATATCATTGGTGTGGCTG Exon SEQ ID gRNA TCACCAACCTCGAACTAAAGAGGAAATCCCCATGGAACCT 11 No. 35 1957-1996 GGAGATATCATTGGTGT Exon SEQ ID gRNA ATCCCCATGGAACCTGGAGATATCATTGGTGTGGCTGGAA 11 No. 36 1982-2020 ACCATTGGAATGGTTA

All of these sites are unique and are used for creating potential gene knock out strategy in CHO and other cell lines. All sequences in the table above are represented in 5′ to 3′ direction. The corresponding 20 base pair target specific crRNA sequence will be derived from the CRISPR recognition sequence provided in each design mentioned in above table 5.

Table 5 of the present disclosure lists different Fut8 target sequences that are considered for CRISPR knock out targeting. A total of twenty different sequences are considered initially. It is made sure that none of the gRNAs span onto an exon-intron boundary as this may render the gRNAs inactive. Based on this approach, a 57 bp stretch on exon 7 is chosen as the target for CRISPR/Cas mediated knock out target. This includes two gRNAs, one on each strand that causes two single stranded breaks.

The target sequence in Fut8 gene that is used in an embodiment of the present method is shown in below FIG. 3B of the present disclosure as gRNA 1120-1176 The sites of cleavage are indicated with an arrow. The distance between the two gRNAs is 5 bases. The gRNA 1120-1176 recognition sequence is underlined in FIG. 3B. The corresponding synthesized fragment is incorporated into the pD1401 vector and named as pD1401 gRNA 514-553, the features of which are described subsequently in the disclosure.

This method of the present disclosure uses Cas9n (nickase mutant) in targeting Fut8 genomic sequence, exon 7 with CRISPR/Cas system. The Cas9n endonuclease makes single stand break (SSB) in opposite strand of DNA. The CRISPR/Cas recognition sequences in the upper and lower strands are underlined. Corresponding single strand break sites are indicated as black arrow heads. The three nucleotide PAM sequences are indicated in bold letters.

In this embodiment, one of the designs is used for targeting at exon 7 gRNA 1120-1176. The CRISPR/Cas vector construct for this design is termed as pD1401 gRNA (514-553).

The 5′ and 3′ CRISPR recognition sequence is indicated in small and italicized, two separate sites complementary to this recognition sequence are recognized at the FUT8 genomic sequence. The sequence represented with bold letters indicate gRNA scaffold sequence for CRISPR/Cas complex to get engaged.

gRNA + scaffold for Fut8 Exon 7 SEQ ID No. 100 attccaagatgagtgttcgc GTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATA AGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGCACCGAGTCGGTGCTTTTTT GCTCCGCGGCACGAGAACTCAAAGCCCCGGGGCCTGGGTCCCACGCGGGGT CCCTTACCCAGGGTGCCCCGGGCGCTCATTTGCATGTCCCACCCAACAGGT AAACCTGACAGGTCATCGCGGCCAGGTACGACCTGGCGGTCAGAGCACCAA ACATACGAGCCTTGTGATGAGTTCCGTTGCATGAAATTCTCCCAAAGGCTC CAAGATGGACAGGAAAGGGCGCGGTTCGGTCACCGTAAGTAGAATAGGTGA AAGACTCCCGTGCCTTATAAGGCCTGTGGGTGACTTCTTCTCACCGaattg gcgctatgctactgg GTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCT AGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGCACCGAGTCGGTGC 5′ CRISPR recognition sequence in the synthesized DNA from DNA2.0- SEQ ID No. 37 ATTCCAAGATGAGTGTTTCGC Target specific crRNA sequence (5′ to 3′ direction): Seq ID No. 38 AUUCCAAGAUGAGUGUUCGC 3′ CRISPR recognition sequence in the synthesized DNA from DNA2.0- SEQ ID No. 39 AATTGGCGCTATGCTACTGG Target specific crRNA sequence (5′ to 3′ direction): Seq ID No. 40 AAUUGGCGCUAUGCUACUGG gRNA scaffold from DNA2.0- GTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACT TGAAAAAGTGGCACCGAGTCGGTGC

The construct map is provided in FIG. 3A and important sequence regions are marked.

1.4—Design of the GMD CRISPR Construct

FIG. 9B of the present disclosure provides GMD genomic locus and CRISPR recognition sequences.

The CHO whole cell genome shotgun sequencing data with accession number NW_003613635.1 for the GMD gene locus consisting of 442215 bp is obtained from Pubmed. The Pubmed accession number for the coding region or mRNA of the GMD gene is NM_001246696.1.

GMD is a member of the NDP-sugar modifying subfamily of the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR). As a member of this subfamily, GMD binds its cofactor NADP (H) in the N-terminal portion of the molecule in which a common glycine-rich region is present. The catalytic triad has been identified as Tyr-XXX-Lys and Ser/Thr, which are all important for catalysis. Structure analysis of GMD from E. coli suggests the active molecule is in dimeric configuration. Whereas homolog from Arabidopsis thaliana is tetrameric, and that the NADP (H) binding site is intimately involved in creating the tetramer interface. It is most probable that the functional form of GMD enzyme in eukaryotes consists of tetrameric configuration.

The CRISPR/Cas binding regions are designed in such a way that the specificity of site recognition is high and at the same time the CRISPR/Cas complex carries out the intended DNA single strand break.

In an embodiment, Cas9n (D10A mutant of Cas9 endonuclease) is used for the CRISPR/Cas complex. The Cas9n endonuclease causes single strand DNA break. The two CRISPR recognition sites (5′ recognition site and 3′ recognition site are spaced at 5 base pair distance, allowing two single stand breaks at close proximity. The resulting breaks allow the NHEJ process of DNA break repair and that introduces mutations in this region.

The CRISPR construct has two unique 20 base pair CRISPR recognition sequences flanked by gRNA scaffolds in tandem with U6 promoter elements for efficient expression of the gRNA sequences. The unique design allows one single vector to express two separate gRNA scaffolds and two unique CRISPR recognition sequences on the genomic DNA.

The CRISPR/Cas design is uniquely positioned to target the YGDLTDSTCLVK motif and DLAEYT motif responsible for tetrameric interface of the GMD multimeric functional protein structure. Two single strand breaks induced by the Cas9n endonuclease at this region allow NHEJ mediated DNA repair. Mutations incorporated during DNA repair result in frame shift mutation, deletion, insertion as well as premature stop codons. Such mutation not only alters the critical motif for tertramerization but also creates mutations in the downstream Ser85 residue, which is involved in involved in maintaining the interactions of monomers in the tetrameric configuration. The design is compatible with two single strand breaks at close proximity, thereby imparting higher specificity of target recognition as NHEJ repair mechanism occurs only at these targeted genomic locations. Nonspecific single stand breaks, if created are usually repaired by homologous recombination which is accurate and rarely creates any mutation.

FIG. 1B of the present disclosure depicts the CHOK1 GMD genome organization.

Complete amino acid sequence of GMD gene is provided in FIG. 2B. Amino acid sequence from each CDS is indicated with large arrowheads. The two CRISPR target regions are underlined in Exon 3 and Exon 4 which are targeted in the GMD gene. Each exon is represented with arrow marks. Thin underlines indicate the CRISPR recognition sites for single strand break location and the thick broken line indicates CRISPR recognition site for double strand break location.

Two different strategies for gene knock out are used, one is the use of the mutant Cas9 (Cas9n) that generates single stranded breaks (SSBs) and the second is to use wild type Cas9 generating double stranded breaks (DSBs).

At the GMD Exon 3 Locus,

The method of the present disclosure uses Cas9n (nickase mutant) in targeting GMD genomic sequence, exon 3 with CRISPR/Cas system. The Cas9n endonuclease makes single stand break (SSB) in opposite strand of DNA. The construct is named as pD1401 (gRNA 167-207) and is represented by FIG. 4A of the present disclosure.

The 5′ and 3′ CRISPR recognition sequence is indicated in small and italicized, two separate sites complementary to this sequence are recognized at the GMD genomic sequence. The sequence represented with bold letters indicates gRNA scaffold sequence for CRISPR/Cas complex to get engaged.

SEQ ID No. 101 actaggcaggtgctgtcggt GTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATA GGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGCACCGAGTCGGTGCTTTTTTG CTCCGCGGCACGAGAACTCAAAGCCCCGGGGCCTGGGTCCCACGCGGGGTC CCTTACCCAGGGTGCCCCGGGCGCTCATTTGCATGTCCCACCCAACAGGTA AACCTGACAGGTCATCGCGGCCAGGTACGACCTGGCGGTCAGAGCACCAAA CATACGAGCCTTGTGATGAGTTCCGTTGCATGAAATTCTCCCAAAGGCTCC AAGATGGACAGGAAAGGGCGCGGTTCGGTCACCGTAAGTAGAATAGGTGAA AGACTCCCGTGCCTTATAAGGCCTGTGGGTGACTTCTTCTCACCG catcaa tgaagtcaaaccta GTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTA GTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGCACCGAGTCGGTGC 5′ CRISPR recognition sequence in the synthesized DNA from DNA2.0 = SEQ ID No. 41 ACTAGGCAGGTGCTGTCGGT Target specific crRNA sequence (5′ to 3′ direction): Seq ID No. 42 ACUAGGCAGGUGCUGUCGGU 3′ CRISPR recognition sequence in the synthesized DNA from DNA2.0- SEQ ID No. 43 CATCAATGAAGTCAAACCTA Target specific crRNA sequence (5′ to 3′ direction): SEQ ID No. 44 CAUCAAUGAAGUCAAACCUA

At the GMD Exon 4 Locus,

Exon 4 of GMD gene is targeted with wild type Cas9 endonuclease. This wild type Cas9 makes double strand break (DSB) at the target site. The construct is named as pD1301 (gRNA 404) and is represented by FIG. 4B of the present disclosure.

The CRISPR recognition sequence is indicated in small and italicized. The double stranded genomic DNA sequence is recognized based on this sequence by CRISPR/Cas system. The sequence represented with bold letters indicates gRNA scaffold sequence for CRISPR/Cas complex to get engaged.

SEQ ID No. 102-

SEQ ID No. 102 agttggcaccttgcggcttc GTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATA AGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGCACCGAGTCGGTGC CRISPR recognition sequence in the synthesized DNA from DNA2.0- SEQ ID No. 45 AGTTGGCACCTTGCGGCTTC Target specific crRNA sequence (5′ to 3′ direction): SEQ ID No.46 AGUUGGCACCUUGCGGCUUC

CRISPR Recognition Sequences for GMD Gene

The following table represents CRISPR/Cas recognition sequences throughout GMD coding sequences for potential single strand break sites. Any of these recognition sequences is used for Cas9n endonuclease mediated single strand break and repair strategy of CRISPR/Cas system to knock out GMD gene.

Table 6 provides all CRISPR sequences for GMD

Exon SEQ ID CRISPR/Cas recognition location Nos. Locus name DNA sequence 5′ to 3′) Exon 3 SEQ ID gRNA 394-434 GACCTCACCGACAGCACCTGCCTAGTAAAAATCATCAATG No. 47 AAGTCAAACCTACAGAGA Exon 3 SEQ ID gRNA 394-436 GACCTCACCGACAGCACCTGCCTAGTAAAAATCATCAATG No. 48 AAGTCAAACCTACAGAGATC Exon 3 SEQ ID gRNA 384-422 GCACTATGGTGACCTCACCGACAGCACCTGCCTAGTAAAA No 49 ATCATCAATGAAGTCA Exon 4 SEQ ID gRNA 541-580 CTTCTGGATGCAATTAAGACTTGTGGCCTTATAAATTCTGT No. 50 GAAGTTCTACCAGGCC Exon 4 SEQ ID gRNA 541-581 CTTCTGGATGCAATTAAGACTTGTGGCCTTATAAATTCTGT No. 51 GAAGTTCTACCAGGCCT Exon 4 SEQ ID gRNA 531-571 CACCTTGCGGCTTCTGGATGCAATTAAGACTTGTGGCCTTA No. 52 TAAATTCTGTGAAGTTC Exon 4 SEQ ID gRNA 565-603 GGCCTTATAAATTCTGTGAAGTTCTACCAGGCCTCAACTAG No. 53 TGAACTGTATGGAAA Exon 5 SEQ ID gRNA 693-735 TGCCTATTGGATTGTAGTGAACTTTCGAGAGGCTTATAATC No. 54 TCTTTGCGGTGAACGGCAT Exon 6 SEQ ID gRNA 828-866 TTACCTTGGACAACTGGAATGTTTCAGTTTGGAAATCTGG No. 55 ACGCCAAACGAGACT Exon 6 SEQ ID gRNA 829-871 TACCTTGGACAACTGGAATGTTTCAGTTTGGGAAATCTGGA No. 56 CGCCCAAACGAGACTGGGGC Exon 7 SEQ ID gRNA 916-956 TGGCTGATGTTACAAAATGATGAACCAGAGGACTTTGTCAT No. 57 AGCTACTGGGGAAGTTC Exon 10 SEQ ID gRNA 1345-1387 AACCCTCGACTGCCTGTGTCGTCCCCACAGCTAAGAGCTGG No 58 GCCAC Exon 10 SEQ ID gRNA 1345-1386 AACCCTCGACTGCCTGTGTCGTCCCCACAGCTAAGAGCTGG No. 59 GCCA Exon 10 SEQ ID gRNA 1393-1155 TGCCTGTGTCGTCCCCACAGCTAAGAGCTGGGCCACAGGTT No. 60 TGTGGGCACCAGGAC Exon 10 SEQ ID gRNA 1243-1285 AACCCCAACGCCTGAGCACCTCTACAAAAAATTCGCGAGA No. 61 CATGGACTATGGTGCAGAGC Exon 10 SEQ ID gRNA 1244-1285 ACCCCAACGCCTGAGCACCTCTACAAAAAATTCGCGAGAC No. 62 ATGGACTATGGTGCAGAGC Exon 10 SEQ ID gRNA 1267-1228 GAGCTCATGAGAACCAACCCCAACGCCTGAGCACCTCTAC No. 63 AAAAAATTCGCGAGACA Exon 10 SEQ ID gRNA 1242-1280 CAACCCCAACGCCTGAGCACCTCTACAAAAAATTCGCGAG No 64 ACATGGACTATGGTGC Exon 10 SEQ ID gRNA 1330-1371 AGACCATCGACCATAAACCCTCGACTGCCTGTGTCGTCCCC No. 65 ACAGCTAAGAGCTGGGCC Exon 10 SEQ ID gRNA 1280-1238 GAACCAACCCCAACGCCTGAGCACCTCTACAAAAAATTCG No. 66 CGAGACATGGACTATGGTGC Exon 10 SEQ ID gRNA 1330-1372 AGACCATCGACCATAAACCCTCGACTGCCTGTGTCGTCCCC No. 67 ACAGCTAAGAGCTGGGCCA Exon 10 SEQ ID gRNA 1415-1457 ACACTCCAGAGCTAAGGCCACTTCGCTTTTGTCAAAGGCTC No. 68 CTCTGAA Exon 10 SEQ ID gRNA 1542-1580 AGTCTTGAGATTGTTTTTCTCTTTTCTTATTAAATGATCTTT No. 69 CTATGAACCAGC Exon 10 SEQ ID gRNA 1320-1361 CCACTCCTGAGACCATCGACCATAAACCCTCGACTGCCTGT No. 70 GTCGTCCCCACAGCTA

In this case, a total of nineteen target sequences in GMD gene sequence are designed for CRISPR recognition sites. All sequences are represented in 5′ to 3′ direction; the corresponding base pair target specific crRNA sequence will be derived from CRISPR recognition sequence provided in each design mentioned in above table 6.

One of these above mentioned designs, gRNA 394-434 is used to create CRISPR/Cas complex pD1401 (gRNA 167-207) for transfection of CHOK1 cells. The CRISPR/Cas complex creates two single stranded DNA breaks at the complementary strand of the recognized coding sequence of GMD gene. Successful DNA repair at the target site creates non-functional GMD gene and thereby fucose knock out CHOK1 cell lines are developed. The features of pD1401 (gRNA 167-207) are described subsequently in the disclosure.

Although this embodiment uses one of the designs, any one of the above mentioned CRISPR recognition site creates a non-functional GMD gene. Therefore, any of these potential sites alone or in combination is used for fucose knock out CHOK1 cell line development.

The target sequence in GMD exon 3 that is used in an embodiment of the present method is mentioned in the table 6 as gRNA 394-434. FIG. 4C describes the CRISPR recognition sequence. The sites of cleavage are indicated with an arrow. The distance between the two gRNAs is 6 bases. The gRNA 394-434 sequence is underlined in FIG. 4C The corresponding synthesized fragment is incorporated into the pD1401 vector and named as pD1401 gRNA 167-207, the features of which are described subsequently in the disclosure. This method of the present disclosure uses Cas9n (nickase mutant) in targeting GMD genomic sequence, exon 3 with CRISPR/Cas system. The Cas9n endonuclease makes single stand break (SSB) in opposite strand of DNA.

The following table represents CRISPR/Cas recognition sequences throughout GMD coding sequences for potential double strand break sites. Any of these recognition sequences are used for wild type Cas9 endonuclease mediated double strand break and repair strategy of CRISPR/Cas system to knock out GMD gene.

TABLE 7 CRISPR/Cas recognition sequences throughout GMD coding sequences for potential double strand break sites Exon Locus CRISPR/Cas recognition location SEQ ID Nos. name DNA sequence (5′ to 3′) Exon 3 SEQ ID No. 71 gRNA 166 TGACCTCACCGACAGCACCTGCCTAGTAA Exon 4 SEQ ID No. 72 gRNA 299 ATGTTGATGGAGTTGGCACCTTGCGGCTT Exon 4 SEQ ID No. 73 gRNA 406 ACCCCAGAAAGAGACCACCCCTTTCTATC Exon 4 SEQ ID No. 74 gRNA 366 AGGCCTCAACTAGTGAACTGTATGGAAAA Exon 4 SEQ ID No. 75 gRNA 306 TGGAGTTGGCACCTTGCGGCTTCTGGATG Exon 5 SEQ ID No. 76 gRNA 483 TTGGATTGTAGTGAACTTTCGAGAGGCTT Exon 5 SEQ ID No. 77 gRNA 508 GCTTATAATCTCTTTGCGGTGAACGGCAT Exon 6 SEQ ID No. 78 gRNA 642 ACGCCAAACGAGACTGGGGCCATGCCAAG Exon 9 SEQ ID No. 79 gRNA 918 GCTCCAAGGCGCAGCAGAAACTGAACTGG Exon 10 SEQ ID No. 80 gRNA 1016 AACCCCAACGCCTGAGCACCTCTACAAAA Exon 10 SEQ ID No. 81 gRNA 1096 ACTCCTGAGACCATCGACCATAAACCCTC Exon 10 SEQ ID No. 82 gRNA 1017 ACCCCAACGCCTGAGCACCTCTACAAAAA Exon 10 SEQ ID No. 83 gRNA 1015 CAACCCCAACGCCTGAGCACCTCTACAAA Exon 10 SEQ ID No. 84 gRNA 1103 AGACCATCGACCATAAACCCTCGACTGCC Exon 10 SEQ ID No. 85 gRNA 1046 CTCTACAAAAAATTCGCGAGACATGGACT Exon 10 SEQ ID No. 86 gRNA 1174 GCACCAGGACGGGGACACTCCAGAGCTAA Exon 10 SEQ ID No. 87 gRNA 1211 TAAGGCCACTTCGCTTTTGTCAAAGGCTC Exon 10 SEQ ID No. 88 gRNA 1110 CGACCATAAACCCTCGACTGCCTGTGTCG Exon 10 SEQ ID No. 89 gRNA 1011 GAACCAACCCCAACGCCTGAGCACCTCTA Exon 10 SEQ ID No. 90 gRNA 1118 AACCCTCGACTGCCTGTGTCGTCCCCACA Exon 10 SEQ ID No. 91 gRNA 987 GAGGGAGATGGTGCAAGCCGATGTGGAGC Exon 10 SEQ ID No. 92 gRNA 1160 TAAGAGCTGGGCCACAGGTTTGTGGGCAC Exon 10 SEQ ID No. 93 gRNA 1167 TGGGCCACAGGTTTGTGGGCACCAGGACG

Twenty three unique CRISPR recognition sequences (gRNA) are designed throughout the GMD gene sequence. All sequences are represented in 5′ to 3′ direction the corresponding 20 base pair target specific crRNA sequence will be derived from CRISPR recognition sequence provided in each design mentioned in above table 7.

One of these above mentioned designs, gRNA 306 is used to create CRISPR/Cas complex pD1301 (gRNA 404) for transfection of CHOK1 cells. The CRISPR/Cas complex creates one double stranded DNA break at the recognized coding sequence of GMD gene. Successful DNA repair at the target site creates non-functional GMD gene and thereby fucose knock out CHOK1 cell lines are developed.

Although one of the designs is used in this embodiment, any one of the above mentioned CRISPR recognition site creates a non-functional GMD gene. Therefore, any of these potential sites alone or in combination are used for fucose knock out CHOK1 cell line development.

The target sequence in GMD exon 4 that is used in an embodiment of the present method is shown in the above table 7 as gRNA 306. FIG. 4D describes the CRISPR recognition sequence. The sites of cleavage are indicated with an arrow. The corresponding synthesized fragment is incorporated into the pD1301 vector and named as pD1301 gRNA 404, the features of which are described subsequently in the disclosure. This method of the present disclosure uses wild type Cas9 endonuclease in targeting GMD genomic sequence, exon 4 with CRISPR/Cas system. The wild type Cas9 endonuclease makes Double stand break (DSB) in both strands of DNA.

1.5—CRISPR/Cas Complex Synthesis

CRISPR technology is based on a class of RNA-guided endonucleases known as Cas9 from the microbial adaptive immune system found in Streptococcus pyogenes. Cas9 nuclease is directed to specific sites on the genome by guide RNAs (gRNAs). Two components must be introduced and/or expressed in cells or an organism to perform CRISPR based genome editing: the Cas9 nuclease; and a ‘guide RNA’ (gRNA).

Twenty nucleotides recognition sequence at the 5′ end of the gRNA direct Cas9 to a specific target DNA site using standard RNA-DNA complementarity base pairing rules. These target sites must lie immediately 5′ of a PAM sequence that matches the canonical form 5-NGG.

The present disclosure uses two different kinds of Cas9 endonuclease in this disclosure as described below. In both cases a single transfection vector encoding gRNA and nuclease is used, thereby increasing the transfection efficiency of the CHOK1 cells.

a) The CAs9 wild type nuclease is used for GMD gene targeting at Exon4. The construct allows double stand break (DSB) at the targeted site.

b) A mutant Cas9 nuclease (D10A), known as Cas9n is used to target GMD exon 3 locus and Fut8 Exon 7 locus, the constructs create single strand breaks instead of a double strand DNA break. This design is aimed to improve specificity of CRISPR/Cas constructs.

In case of single strand breaks, two DNA target sites are targeted at close proximity where single stand break or nicks happen in opposite DNA stands. Thereby, it recruits DNA repair machinery (NHEJ) to repair the DNA damage. Recruiting two gRNA/Cas9n complex at a specific interval to initiate DNA repair improves the specificity to the targeted site. Nonspecific binding of only one of the gRNA/Cas9n complex to unrelated sites causes nicks which are usually repaired through homologous recombination based repair with very low rate of mutation. Therefore, this approach increases the specificity of targeting the Fut8 and GMD gene

Unique regions of both genes are targeted based on the enzyme structure information in a way to abolish enzyme catalytic function or by disrupting higher order structure.

The important features of the vectors are,

a) Cas9—a nuclease that is first discovered as a component of the CRISPR system in Streptococcus pyogenes and has been adapted for utility in mammalian cells. RNA-guided Cas9 is able to efficiently introduce precise double-stranded breaks at endogenous genomic loci in mammalian cells with high efficiencies.

Cas9-D10A—A D10A mutant of Cas9 nuclease (Cas9n) nicks single strands and combined with a pair of offset guide RNAs complementary to opposite strands of target genomic loci. This helps reduce off-target activity seen with wild type Cas9.

b) chimeric gRNA scaffold—The chimeric guide RNA (gRNA) scaffold consists of a 20-nucleotide target specific complementary region, a 42-nucleotide Cas9-binding RNA structure and a 40-nucleotide transcription terminator derived from S. pyogenes that directs Cas9 nuclease to the target site for genome modification. In this case there are two gRNA scaffolds, one for each gRNA

c) Kanamycin-r—An effective bacteriocidal agent that inhibits ribosomal translocation thereby causing miscoding. The gene coding for kanamycin resistance is Neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPT II/Neo). E. coli transformed with plasmid containing the kanamycin resistance gene can grow on media containing 25 μg/ml kanamycin.

d) P_CMV—The CMV promoter is a constitutive mammalian promoter and mediates strong expression in various cellular systems.

e) P_hU6.1—human A type 3 core promoter for RNA expression.

1.6—the Complete Process of Obtaining CRISPR Construct is Composed of the Following Steps:

-   22. CRISPR target designing. -   23. Vector constructions with two separate vector backbones, namely     pD1401 and pD1301 vectors with gRNA insert. -   24. Transformation of CRISPR constructs pD1401 (gRNA 514-553),     pD1401 (gRNA 167-207) and pD1301 (gRNA 404) into E. coli competent     cells (DH10B or DH5alpha) and plating on LB (Luria Bertani)-Agar     supplemented with kanamycin. -   25. Inoculation of transformed cells (CRISPR constructs) into LB     broth with Kanamycin. -   26. Isolation of Plasmid DNA pD1401 (gRNA 514-553), pD1401 (gRNA     167-207) and pD1301 (gRNA for 404) from DH10B or DH5alpha cells. -   27. Transfection of CHOK1 cells; screening and selection by LCA     assay. -   28. Genomic DNA isolation of selected clones using QIAGEN DNeasy     Blood & Tissue Kit. -   29. Quantification by Spectrophotometry. -   30. Optimization of PCR Condition -   31. Cross checking the Genomic DNA sample by PCR -   32. Electrophoresis on agarose gel. -   33. PCR amplification using Phusion polymerase and tailing using Taq     polymerase. -   34. PCR product gel elution using QIAGEN kit. -   35. TA cloning using pTZ57R/T vector. -   36. Transformation of ligated sample pTZ57R/T+CRISPR (PCR) in DH10B     or DH5alpha cells. -   37. Inoculation of transformed cells (pTZ57R/T+CRISPR (PCR)) into LB     with Ampicillin broth. -   38. Isolation of plasmid DNA (pTZ57R/T+CRISPR (PCR) from DH5alpha     and DH10B cells using QIAGEN plasmid DNA isolation kit. -   39. Cross checking for the presence of insert by restriction     digestion. -   40. Sequencing primers; and -   41. Confirmation of the INDELs by sequencing.

Example 2: Transfection of Cells with Talen Constructs

This example contains procedure for CHOK1 cell transfection with CRISPR constructs. It also provides for selection and confirmation of single cell stable cell lines for developing FUT8 knock out CHOK1 cell line using CRISPR technology, and selection of positive clones by flow-cytometry based functional assay.

Transfection Protocol

Transfection is optimized using CHOK1 cells of both adherent and suspension type. Liposome and modified liposome mediated transfection reagents are tested for e.g., Lipofectamine 2000, Lipofectamine 3000, Lipofectamine LTX with Plus™ reagent, MIRUS TransIT X2, MIRUS TransIT 2020, MIRUS TransIT 293, MIRUS TransIT CHO transfection kit. DNA concentration ranging from 0.5 μg to 5 μg are tested for various incubation times for e.g., 4 hrs, 24 hrs and 48 hrs. Multiple DNA to transfection reagent ratios (μg:μl) are also tested. The optimum transfection efficiency is achieved using 1:3 DNA to transfection reagent ratio, 24 hrs incubation and Lipofectamine LTX with Plus™ reagent. Optimization experiments performed with GFP expressing plasmid DNA.

FIG. 20 depicts transfection efficiency of CHOK1 cell line using the protocol described in the disclosure. Transfection efficiency is determined using a Green Fluorescent Protein expressing plasmid construct. Number of green cells observed after transfection compared to the total number of viable cells determines transfection efficiency of the protocol established. Panel A represents the bright field image and panel B represents the same microscopic field for red channel fluorescence.

Transfection efficiency is calculated by the following formula:

Transfection efficiency=(Number of GFP expressing cells/Total number of cells)*100

Optimized transient transfection efficiency is 40-50% in CHOK1 cells.

Transfection:

CHOK1 cells are seeded at more than 90% viability and at a density of 0.25×10⁶ cells/well in a 6 well tissue culture plate and allowed to adhere for 24 hrs. CRISPR constructs pD1401 (gRNA 514-553), pD1401 (gRNA 167-207), pD1301 (gRNA 404), combination of pD1401 (gRNA 167-207)+pD1301 (gRNA 404) are used for transfection using Lipofectamine LTX with Plus™ reagent. 2.5 μg of construct is used with 1:3 DNA to transfection reagent ratio. The cells are incubated for 20-24 hrs after transfection. Prior to transfection, DNA quantity and quality is estimated by UV spectrophotometry. A 260/280 value DNA represents quality and protein contamination. The ratio of absorbance at 260 nm and 280 nm is used to assess the purity of DNA. A 260/280>1.8 is generally accepted as “pure” or good quality DNA. 3-4 μl of DNA sample is placed on the micro cuvette and DNA concentration is estimated using Eppendorf Biophotometer D30 against suitable blank.

TABLE 8 CRISPR DNA dilution: For n wells 2.5 μg * n pD1401 (gRNA 514-553) or pD1401 (gRNA 2.5 μg * n 167-207) or pD1301 (gRNA 404) or pD1401 (gRNA 167-207) + pD1301 (gRNA 404) Plus TM reagent 1.33*2 μl Media without serum Up to 1 ml*n Lipofectamine LTX dilution: Lipofectamine LTX 15 μl*n Media without serum Up to 0.5 ml*n

Media change is provided to the cells with serum free media, 1 hour prior to transfection. CRISPR constructs and Lipofectamine LTX solution are diluted, mixed gently and incubated for 5-10 minutes at 20-25° C. DNA and transfection reagent dilutions (3 ml) are mixed and incubated for 20-30 minutes at Room Temperature for complex formation. The media is aspirated from the wells. 1.5 ml of DNA and transfection reagent complex is added drop wise to the plated cells.

The cells are incubated for 4 hours at 37° C. in a 5% CO₂ Incubator. The complete media is added at 1.5 ml/well and incubated for 20-24 hours at 37° C. in a 5% CO₂ Incubator. After 20-24 hours of transfection, cells are trypsinized and to single cell dilution is prepared.

Single cell dilution is obtained by serial dilution of the cells to a concentration of 0.5 cell/100 μl. Cell count is taken using hemocytometer. The cells are allowed to grow for few days at 37° C. in a 5% CO₂ Incubator. Plate scanning is done to identify single cell colonies under the inverted phase contrast microscope. Cells growing into distinctly small single colonies are marked for further amplification. After 2-3 weeks, single cell clones are amplified from one well of 96 well plate to one well of 6 well plate by trypsinization. Cells are allowed to grow for 2-3 days at 37° C. at 5% CO₂ in a CO₂ incubator. Cells are further amplified from one well to two wells in a 24 well plate (replica plating) for further screening.

LCA-FITC (Lens Culinaris Agglutin-Fluorescein Isothiocyanate) Binding Assay

Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) is a fluorochrome conjugated to LCA. Therefore, presence of fucosylated proteins on cell membrane of control CHOK1 cells is recognized by fluorescein conjugated LCA. These cells fluoresce brighter in specific flow cytometer channel. The fluorescence observed is represented as fluorescence unit. The cells where fucose pathway is disrupted, the knockout lines are not able to produce fucosylated cellular proteins and hence the cell membrane proteins are non fucosylated. Testing these cells with Fluorescein-LCA conjugate results in fluorescence comparable to background. Therefore, the Fucose knock out cells fluoresce at a much lower level (less than 100 RFU) compared to control CHOK1 cell line.

Cells are trypsinized, transferred to a microfuge tube and spun at 1500 rpm (revolution per minute) for 5 minutes using Eppendorf minispin centrifuge. The media is removed and fresh media is added in the tubes. Both transfected and untransfected CHOK1 cells are processed simultaneously. The cells are tested for LCA-FITC flow cytometry based analysis using “Millipore GUAVA 8 easyCyte HT” benchtop flow cytometer.

54 clones from transfection with pD1401 (gRNA 514-553) are screened for fucose knockout profile. Similarly, 200 clones from transfection with pD1401 (gRNA 167-207) or pD1301 (gRNA 404) or a combination of pD1401 (gRNA 167-207)+pD1301 (gRNA 404) are screened for fucose knock out profile.

Fluorescein Lens Culinaris Agglutinin (LCA-FITC) stock 5 mg/ml is diluted to get 2 μg/ml final concentration in assay buffer (DPBS containing 2% BSA). Cells are spun at 1500 rpm for 5 minutes using Eppendorf minispin centrifuge. The media is aspirated and the pellet is re-suspended in 0.25-1 ml of assay buffer containing 2 μg/ml LCA-FITC. CHOK1 control cells are re-suspended in 0.25-1 ml of assay buffer alone (unstained control) and 0.25-1 ml of assay buffer containing 2 μg/ml LCA-FTTC (stained control). All samples are diluted to get 0.1-0.2×10⁶ cells/m in final assay buffer. The samples are then incubated in dark on ice for 30 minutes. Then 200 μl of each sample is aliquoted in a 96 well plate. The plate is then loaded in the Millipore GUAVA easyCyte 8HT benchtop flow cytometer for data acquisition and analysis. Data analysis is done using Incyte software. In some experiments Accuri C6 flow cytometer is used for data acquisition and analysis.

Fluorescein-streptavidin (Strep-FITC) negative staining is also performed. Fluorescein lens culinaris agglutinin (LCA-FITC) stock 5 mg/ml is diluted to get 2 μg/ml final concentration in assay buffer (DPBS containing 2% BSA) Fluorescein streptavidin (Strep-FITC) stock 1 mg/ml is diluted to get 2 μg/ml final concentration in assay buffer (DPBS containing 2% BSA). Cell suspensions are taken in duplicates and are spun at 1500 rpm for 5 minutes using Eppendorf minispin centrifuge. Media is aspirated and in one tube the pellet is resuspended in assay buffer containing 2 μg/ml LCA-FITC and the duplicate sample in assay buffer containing 2 μg/mil Strep-FITC. CHOK1 control cells are re-suspended in assay buffer alone (unstained control), assay buffer containing 2 μg/ml LCA-FITC (stained control) and assay buffer containing 2 μg/ml Strep-FITC.

All the samples are diluted to get 0.1-0.2×10⁶ cells/ml in 0.25-1 ml assay buffer. The samples are then incubated in dark on ice for 30 minutes. Then 200 μl of each sample is aliquoted in a 96 well plate. The plate is loaded in the Millipore GUAVA easyCyte 8HT benchtop flowcytometer for data acquisition and analysis. Data analysis is done using Incyte software. In some experiments Accuri C6 flow cytometer is used for data acquisition and analysis.

CHOK1 cells are transfected with pD1401 (gRNA 514-553) construct targeting Fut8 locus and the results are provided below.

TABLE 9 Sl. No. Sample ID Median RFU 1 Unstained control 6.668 2 Stained control 968.184 3 CR1KOT1#3 684.544 4 CR1KOT1#4 680.126 5 CR1KOT1#6 16.211 6 CR1KOT1#7 134.668 7 CR1KOT1#13 594.511 8 CR1KOT1#15 635.291 9 CR1KOT1#18 26.249 10 CR1KOT1#19 430.674 11 CR1KOT1#21 244.798 12 CR1KOT1#22 18.021 13 CR1KOT1#23 11.880 14 CR1KOT1#24 341.785 15 CR1KOT1#25 523.925 16 CR1KOT1#26 10.434 17 CR1KOT1#27 539.167 18 CR1KOT1#28 515.236 19 CR1KOT1#29 589.063 20 CR1KOT1#30 682.042 21 CR1KOT1#31 13.682 22 CR1KOT1#32 711.406 23 CR1KOT1#33 935.327 24 CR1KOT1#34 14.318 25 CR1KOT1#35 641.110 26 CR1KOT1#36 13.161 27 CR1KOT1#37 16.703 28 CR1KOT1#38 583.947

Median RFU refers to median value of relative fluorescence unit.

Results—

The graphical results and fluorescence profile provided in the table above are also depicted in FIG. 7A and FIG. 8A of the present disclosure. The figures depict the graphical result and fluorescence profile observed for the CHOK1 cell lines CR1KOT1#6, CR1KOT1#18, CR1KOT1#22, CR1KOT1#23, CR1KOT1#26, CR1KOT1#31, CR1KOT1#34, CR1KOT1#37, in Flow cytometry based LCA-FITC Binding Assay. This flow cytometry assay detects fucosylated proteins present on cell surface. Thus CHOK1 control cells fluoresce highly as many fucosylated proteins are present in Control CHOK1 cell line. In cases where the CRISPR/Cas complex is able to disrupt the FUT8 gene in transfected cell lines, the LCA FITC fluorescence is minimized as there is no fucosylated protein on surface of these cell lines. The figure reveals significant fluorescence loss when CR1KOT1#6, CR1KOT1#18, CR1KOT1#22, CR1KOT1#23, CR1KOT1#26, CR1KO′1#31, CR1KOT1#34 and CR1KOT1#37, are tested in this assay, indicating these cell lines are CHOK1 FUT8 knock out cell lines.

CHOK1 cells are transfected with pD1401 (gRNA 167-207), pD1301 (gRNA 404), pD1401 (gRNA 167-207)+pD1301 (gRNA 404) constructs targeting GMD locus, and the results are provided in the table below.

TABLE 10 Median RFU Sample ID CRISPR construct used LCA-FITC Strep-FITC CHOK1 — 405,109.00 8,024.50 C1GMD1.12 pD1401 (gRNA 167-207) 20,447.50 3,806.00 C1GMD1.27 pD1401 (gRNA 167-207) 18,749.00 3,672.00 CIGMD2.30 pD1301 (gRNA 404) 18,124.00 4,065.50 CIGMD2.34 pD1301 (gRNA 404) 349,435.00 4,071.00 CIGMD3.4 pD1401 (gRNA 167-207) + 23,583.00 5,833.00 pD1301 (gRNA 404) CIGMD3.36 pD1401 (gRNA 167-207) + 78,197.00 3,643.00 pD1301 (gRNA 404) CIGMD3.43 pD1401 (gRNA 167-207) + 37,593.00 8,240.00 pD1301 (gRNA 404) CIGMD3.49 pD1401 (gRNA 167-207) + 20,797.50 4,525.50 pD1301 (gRNA 404) CIGMD3.51 pD1401 (gRNA 167-207) + 23,722.00 4,945.00 pD1301 (gRNA 404)

The graphical results and fluorescence profile provided in the table above are also depicted in FIGS. 7B and 8B of the present disclosure. The figures depict the graphical result and fluorescence profile observed for the CHOK1, C1GMD1.12, C1GMD1.27, C1GMD2.30, C1GMD2.34, C1GMD3.4, C1GMD3.36, C1GMD3.43, C1GMD3.49, C1GMD3.51 in Flow cytometry based LCA-FITC Binding Assay. This flow cytometry assay detects fucosylated proteins present on cell surface. Thus CHOK1 control cells fluoresce highly as many fucosylated proteins are present in Control CHOK1 cell line. In cases where the CRISPR/Cas complex is able to disrupt the GMD gene in transfected cell lines, the LCA FITC fluorescence is minimized as there is no fucosylated protein on surface of these cell lines. The figure reveals significant fluorescence loss when C1GMD1.12, C1GMD1.27, C1GMD2.30, C1GMD3.4, C1GMD3.36, C1GMD3.43, C1GMD3.49, C1GMD3.51 are tested in this assay indicating these cell lines are potential CHOK1 GMD knock out cell lines.

Another set of transfection is also tested with LCA FITC fluorescence assay. Flow cytometry data is provided in the table below.

TABLE 11 Median RFU Sample ID CRISPR Construct used LCA-FITC Strep-FITC CHOK1 — 313,999.50 4,952.50 CR1KOT1 pD1401 (gRNA 167-207) 17,976.00 5,169.00 C1GMD1.37 pD1401 (gRNA 167-207) 21,508.00 4,331.00 C1GMD1.4 pD1401 (gRNA 167-207) 22,506.00 5,019.00 C1GMD1.41 pD1401 (gRNA 167-207) 23,326.50 4,961.00 C1GMD1.43 pD1401 (gRNA 167-207) 22,446.50 4,695.00 C1GMD1.44 pD1401 (gRNA 167-207) 24,080.50 5,506.00

The graphical results and fluorescence profile provided in the table above are also depicted in FIGS. 7C and 8C of the present disclosure. The figures depict the graphical result and fluorescence profile observed for the CHOK1, C1GMD1.37, C1GMD1.4, C1GMD1.41, C1GMD1.43 and C1GMD1.44, in Flow cytometry based LCA-FITC Binding Assay. This flow cytometry assay detects fucosylated proteins present on cell surface. Thus CHOK1 control cells fluoresce highly as many fucosylated proteins are present in Control CHOK1 cell line. In cases where the CRISPR/Cas complex is able to disrupt the GMD gene in transfected cell lines, the LCA FITC fluorescence is minimized as there is no fucosylated protein on surface of these cell lines. The figure reveals significant fluorescence loss when C1GMD1.37, C1GMD1.4, C1GMD1.41, C1GMD1.43, C1GMD1.44 are tested in this assay indicating these cell lines are potential CHOK1 GMD knock out cell lines.

LCA (Lens Culinaris Agglutinin) Selection Assay—

Multiple single cell clonal cell line populations are separated in replica plates after transfection with CRISPR/Cas complex. These cell lines are then tested with 200 μg LCA reagent in the culture medium. The cells are observed every day to confirm cell health and morphology and photographs are taken at appropriate time points. FIG. 5 indicates photographs taken after one day of culture after LCA selection start point and FIG. 6A indicates photographs taken after 4 days of culture. The cell lines indicated here show resistance against LCA depicted by resistant cells on day one which has multiplied and grown into large colonies of cells after Day 4 of culture in presence of LCA reagent. Cell morphology is observed with microscope and observations are recorded on days 1, and 4. Cells are regularly observed under the inverted phase contrast microscope and monitored for colony morphology. The photographs taken at different time points of LCA selection assay with 200 μg/ml LCA clearly show that CHOK1 control cells are completely dead at Day 4 of culture, whereas the selected clones show continuous cell growth and healthy cell morphology even after 4 days of culture.

It is observed from these figures that the following clones—CR1KOT1#44, CR1KOT1#52, CR1KOT1#55, CR1KOT1#61 and CR1KOT1#67, maintain colony morphology even after treatment with 200 μg/ml LCA. Therefore these clones are considered to be potential FUT 8 knockout phenotype.

During LCA selection of pD1401 (gRNA 167-207) transfected clones, viability of the clones on Day 1, Day 4 and Day 6 are compared, in FIG. 6B of the present disclosure. It is observed from these figures that the following clones C1GMD1.12, C1GMD1.27, C1GMD1.40, C1GMD1.41, C1GMD1.43 and C1GMD1.44 maintain colony morphology even after treatment with 200 μg/ml LCA. Therefore these clones are considered to be potential FUT 8 knockout phenotype.

The cell lines indicated here show resistance against LCA by day one which has multiplied and grown into large colonies of cells after Day 4 and Day 6 of culture in presence of LCA reagent. Cell morphology is observed with microscope and observations are recorded on days 1, 4 and 6. Cells are regularly observed under the inverted phase contrast microscope and monitored for colony morphology. The photographs taken at different time points of LCA selection assay with 200 μg/ml LCA clearly show that CHOK1 control cells are completely dead at Day 4 of culture, whereas the selected clones show continuous cell growth and healthy cell morphology even after 4 days of culture.

LCA-FITC Binding Assay:

For second set of LCA-FITC binding assay, following clones have shown fucose knock out flow cytometry profile CR1KOT1#44, CR1KOT11#46, CR1KOT1#48, CR1KOT1#49, CR1KOT1#51, CR1KOT1#52, CR1KOT1#55, CR1KOT1#59, CR1KOT1#61, CR1KOT1#66, CR1KOT167 (FIG. 10). Fluorescein Lens Culinaris Agglutinin (LCA-FITC) stock of 5 mg/ml is diluted to get 2 μg/ml final concentration in assay buffer (DPBS containing 2% BSA). Cells are spun at 1500 rpm for 5 minutes using Eppendorf minispin centrifuge. The media is aspirated and the pellet re-suspended in 0.25-1 ml of assay buffer containing 2 μg/ml LCA-FITC.

CHOK1 control cells are re-suspended in 0.25-1 ml of assay buffer alone (unstained control) and 0.25-1 ml of assay buffer containing 2 μg/ml LCA-FITC (stained control). All samples are diluted to get 0.1-0.2×10⁶ cells/ml in final assay buffer. The samples are then incubated in dark on ice for 30 minutes. Then 200 μl of each sample is aliquoted in a 96 well plate. The plate is then loaded in the Millipore GUAVA easyCyte 811T benchtop flow cytometer for data acquisition and analysis. Data analysis is done using Incyte software.

TABLE 12 Sl. No. Sample ID Median RFJ 1 Unstained control 9.604 2 Stained control 869.216 3 CR1KOT1#40 1003.328 4 CR1KOT1#41 937.068 5 CR1KOT1#42 662.994 6 CR1KOT1#44 23.044 7 CR1KOT1#45 1111.122 8 CR1KOT1#46 39.878 9 CR1KOT1#47 920.470 10 CR1KOT1#48 20.646 11 CR1KOT1#49 20.338 12 CR1KOT1#50 947.668 13 CR1KOT1#51 19.404 14 CR1KOT1#52 19.210 15 CR1KOT1#53 1287.536 16 CR1KOT1#54 858.085 17 CR1KOT1#55 20.608 18 CR1KOT1#56 1083.210 19 CR1KOT1#57 887.343 20 CR1KOT1#58 944.689 21 CR1KOT1#59 17.307 22 CR1KOT1#60 1057.409 23 CR1KOT1#61 14.960 24 CR1KOT1#62 1102.714 25 CR1KOT1#63 974.268 26 CR1KOT1#64 1464.378 27 CR1KOT1#65 924.585 28 CR1KOT1#66 17.355 29 CR1KOT1#67 20.936

The results provided in the table above are also depicted in graphical representation in FIG. and fluorescence profile in FIG. 11 of the present disclosure.

FIG. 10 depict the graphical result observed for the CHOK1 cell lines CR1KOT11#44, CR1KOT1#46, CR1KOT1#48, CR1KOT1#49, CR1KOT1#51, CR1KOT1#52, CR1KOT1#55, CR1KOT1#59, CR1KOT1#61, CR1KOT1#66, CR1KOT1#67 in Flow cytometry based LCA-FITC Binding Assay. FIG. 11 depicts representative fluorescence profiles observed in cell lines CR1KOT1#444, CR1KOT1#49, CR1KOT1#51, CR1KOT1#52, CR1KOT#55, CR1KOT#59, CR1KOT161, CR1KOT1#67. All clones are passaged for additional days before being analyzed in this experiment. This flow cytometry assay detects fucosylated proteins present on cell surface. Thus CHOK1 control cells fluoresce highly as many fucosylated proteins are present in Control CHOK1 cell line. In cases where the CRISPR/Cas is able to disrupt the FUT8 gene in transfected cell lines, the LCA FITC fluorescence is minimized as there is no fucosylated protein on surface of these cell lines. The figure reveals significant fluorescence loss when CR1KOT1#44, CR1KOT1#46, CR1KOT1#48, CR1KOT11#49, CR1KOT1#51, CR1KOT1#52, CR1KOT1#55, CR1KOT1#59, CR1KOT1#61, CR1KOT1#66, CR1KOT1#67 are tested in this assay indicating these cell lines are CHOK1 FUT8 knock out cell lines.

Conclusion—17 potential candidates for fut8 knockout CHOK1 cell line are identified.

Those 17 clones are as follows:

CR1KOT1#006, CR1KOT1#018, CR1KOT1#022, CR1KOT1#023, CR1KOT1#026, CR1KOT1#031, CR1KOT1#034, CR1KOT1#036, CR1KOT1#037, CR1KOT1#044, CR1KOT1#049, CR1KOT1#051, CR1KOT1#052, CR1KOT1#055, CR1KOT1#059, CR1KOT1#061 and CR1KOT1#067.

13 potential candidates for GMD knock out CHOK1 cell lines are identified. The clones are as follows:

C1GMD1.12, C1GMD1.27, C1GMD1.37, C1GMD1.4, C1GMD1.41, C1GMD1.43, C1GMD1.44, C1GMD2.30, C1GMD3.4, C1GMD3.36, C1GMD3.43, C1GMD3.49, C1GMD3.51

Example 3: LCA-FITC Binding Assay

Clonal fucose knock out CHOK1 cell lines are tested in independent repeat experiments using LCA-FITC binding assay:

Following clonal cell lines are tested for repeatability of LCA-FITC binding assay.

CR1KOT1#006, CR1KOT1#018, CR1KOT1#022, CR1KOT1#023, CR1KOT1#026, CR1KOT1#031, CR1KOT1#034, CR1KOT1#036, CR1KOT1#037, CR1KOT1#044, CR1KOT1#049, CR1KOT1#051, CR1KOT1#052, CR1KOT1#055, CR1KOT1#059, CR1KOT1#061 and CR1KOT1#067.

Fluorescein Lens Culinaris Agglutinin (LCA-FITC) stock of 5 mg/1 ml is diluted to get 2 μg/ml final concentration in assay buffer (DPBS containing 2% BSA). Cells are spun at 1500 rpm for 5 minutes using Eppendorf minispin centrifuge. The media is aspirated and the pellet re-suspended in 0.25-1 ml of assay buffer containing 2 μg/ml LCA-FITC. CHOK1 control cells are re-suspended in 0.25-1 ml of assay buffer alone (unstained control) and 0.25-1 ml of assay buffer containing 2 μg/ml LCA-FITC (stained control). All samples are diluted to get 0.1-0.2×10⁶ cells/ml in final assay buffer. The samples are then incubated in dark on ice for 30 minutes. Then 200 μl of each sample is aliquoted in a 96 well plate. The plate is then loaded in the Millipore GUAVA easyCyte 8HT benchtop flow cytometer for data acquisition and analysis. Data analysis is done using Incyte software.

Results.

Following table describe the data repeatability of LCA-FITC binding assay for all selected clones.

TABLE 13 Sl. No. Sample ID Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Mean SEM 1 Unstained control 6.668 8.771 12.189 9.209 1.61 2 Stained control 968.184 984.168 982.260 978.204 5.04 3 CR1KOT1#006 16.211 19.475 28.399 21.362 3.64 4 CR1KOT1#018 26.249 33.250 59.006 39.501 9.96 5 CR1KOT1#022 18.021 17.410 25.411 20.281 2.57 6 CR1KOT1#023 11.880 17.120 13.775 14.258 1.53 7 CR1KOT1#026 10.434 17.491 24.953 17.626 4.19 8 CR1KOT1#031 13.682 18.932 34.881 22.498 6.37 9 CR1KOT1#034 14.318 10.896 19.826 15.013 2.60 10 CR1KOT1#036 13.161 19.505 29.793 20.820 4.85 11 CR1KOT1#037 16.703 16.601 29.906 21.070 4.42 12 CR1KOT1#044 23.044 24.937 32.886 26.956 3.01 13 CR1KOT1#049 20.338 17.215 26.426 21.327 2.70 14 CR1KOT1#051 19.404 18.555 26.543 21.501 2.53 15 CR1KOT1#052 19.210 15.024 31.349 21.861 4.90 16 CR1KOT1#055 20.608 19.368 27.686 22.554 2.59 17 CR1KOT1#059 17.307 21.119 27.764 22.063 3.06 18 CR1KOT1#061 14.960 23.307 35.791 24.686 6.05 19 CR1KOT1#067 20.936 18.053 27.323 22.104 2.74

Pictorial depiction of the LCA FITC binding assay is presented in FIG. 12. Data analysis suggests highly reproducible LCA FITC binding pattern for the clonal fucose knock out CHOK1 cell lines. These fucose knock out CHOK1 cell lines are further tested for growth characteristics and compared to untransfected parental CHOK1 cell line.

Example 4: Streptavidin-FITC Assay

Clonal fucose knock out CHOK1 cell lines are tested with Streptavidin-FITC conjugate to ensure specific interaction of LCA-FITC binding:

Streptavidin conjugated FITC (Strep-FITC) staining of the clones is carried out to ensure that there is no non-specific binding of FITC dye. Cell membrane proteins do not bind to Streptavidin-FITC conjugate whereas fucosylated membrane proteins bind specifically to LCA-FITC conjugate. Control CHOK1 cells are stained with both LCA-FITC and Strep-FITC in separate reactions to confirm this specificity. All clones are similarly stained with Streptavidin-FITC and LCA-FITC conjugates to determine non-specific binding.

FIG. 14 of the present disclosure depicts the LCA Flow cytometry assay, and comparison of the clones through LCA-FITC and Strep-FITC assay respectively. For the following clones Fucose knockout phenotype is observed, CR1KOT1#006, CR1KOT1#018, CR1KOT11#022, CR1KOT1#023, CR1KOT1#026, CR1KOT1#031, CR1KOT1#034, CR1KOT1#036, CR1KOT1#037, CR1KOT1#044, CR1KOT1#049, CR1KOT1#051, CR1KOT1#052, CR1KOT1#055, CR1KOT1#059, CR1KOT1#061 and CR1KOT1#067. In all clones, a significant reduction of fluorescence compared to control is observed and thereby this proves absence of fucosylated protein on cell surface for the clones. This data provides functional proof that these cell lines lack fucosylated protein due to FUT8 gene disruption carried out using the complex in the method of the present disclosure.

Fluorescein streptavidin (Streptavidin-FITC) stock mg/ml is diluted to get 2 μg/ml final concentration in assay buffer (DPBS containing 2% BSA). Cells are spun at 1500 rpm for 5 minutes using Eppendorf minispin centrifuge. The media is aspirated and the pellet re-suspended in 0.25-1 ml of assay buffer containing 2 μg/ml Streptavidin-FITC. CHOK1 control cells are re-suspended in 0.25-1 ml of assay buffer alone (unstained control) and 0.25-1 ml of assay buffer containing 2 μg/ml Streptavidin-FITC (stained control). All samples are diluted to get 0.1-0.2×10⁶ cells/ml in final assay buffer. The samples are then incubated in dark on ice for 30 minutes. Then 200 μl of each sample is aliquoted in a 96 well plate. The plate is then loaded in the Millipore GUAVA easyCyte 8HT benchtop flow cytometer for data acquisition and analysis. Data analysis is done using Incyte software.

Comparison with Streptavidin-FITC is carried out to ensure specific interaction of LCA-FITC conjugate. The data suggests only background fluorescence observed with Streptavidin-FITC conjugate when tested with CHOK1 control cell line and any of the CRISPR/Cas transfected cell lines.

FIG. 14 depicts the specificity of the LCA-FITC flow cytometry assay developed to screen the CHOK1 Fucose knock out cell lines. Flow cytometry experiments are carried out with Streptavidin-FITC conjugate. Streptavidin-FITC does not recognize cell surface proteins on CHOK1 control cell line indicating specific interaction of LCA-FITC conjugate. Additionally, the Streptavidin-FITC conjugate reveals similar levels of background fluorescence between positive and negative cell lines identified by LCA-FITC conjugate. FIG. 14 shows no non-specific interaction of LCA-FITC conjugate used in this study when compared to Streptavidin-FITC conjugate.

Growth Curve Determination for Fucose Knock Out CHOK1 Cell Lines:

Growth curve determination of selected clones are performed to ensure that growth profile is not altered significantly compared to wild type CHOK1 cells during the process of knockout cell line development. 0.1×10⁶ CHOK1 cells are seeded in 6 well tissue culture plates. Seeding is done for 5 time points for each clone. For each time point, triplicate seeding is done (e.g., 15 wells for time points). At each time, point cell counts are taken in triplicates. Viable cell count is performed using either hemocytometer or Vi-cell XR cell viability analyser. Respective growth curves are generated with SEM as error bar. Table 14 describes representative growth data from one of the FUT8 knock out cell lines.

TABLE 14 Mean viable cell count (×10{circumflex over ( )}6) Time (hrs) CHOK1 control CR1KOT1#52 CR1KOT1#55 CR1KOT1#61 CR1KOT1#67 0 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.200 0.100 24 0.313 0.261 0.344 0.370 0.411 48 0.858 0.671 0.925 0.992 1.226 72 2.295 1.439 2.031 2.411 2.875 96 2.680 3.398 3.603 5.272 4.738 Mean viable cell count (×10{circumflex over ( )}6) Time (hrs) CHOK1 control CR1KOT1#06 CR1KOT1#18 CR1KOT1#22 CR1KOT1#23 CR1KOT1#26 0 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 24 0.313 0.270 0.217 0.167 0.183 0.243 48 0.858 0.790 0.567 0.540 0.680 0.457 96 2.680 4.357 2.477 3.857 3.867 1.997 Mean viable cell count (×10{circumflex over ( )}6) Time (hrs) CHOK1 control CR1KOT1#31 CR1KOT1#34 CR1KOT1#36 CR1KOT1#37 CR1KOT1#44 0 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.200 0.100 0.100 24 0.313 0.180 0.240 0.500 0.267 0.253 48 0.858 0.713 0.370 0.890 0.700 0.597 96 2.680 3.160 2.427 3.753 3.593 3.367

Results. Viable cell count for each cell lines are tested and used for growth curve determination. Following clonal fucose knockout CHOK1 cell lines are used for growth curve development, CR1KOT1#006, CR1KOT1#018, CR1KOT1#022, CR1KOT1#023, CR1KOT1#026, CR1KOT1#031, CR1KOT1#034, CR1KOT1#036, CR1KOT1#037, CR1KOT1#044, CR1KOT1#4049, CR1KOT1#4051, CR1KOT1#052, CR1KOT1#055, CR1KOT1#061 and CR1 KOT1#067.

The data is analyzed and plotted in growth curve. The growth curves of respective cell line are provided in FIGS. 13A, 13B and 13C of the present disclosure.

It is observed from the figures that the majority of the clonal cell lines have comparable growth potential with respect to CHOK1 parental cell line. These clonal cell lines are used for over-expression of therapeutic proteins and/or monoclonal antibodies. Viable cell count is taken every day for 5 days in optimal growth conditions, using Vi-Cell counter. Few clonal fucose knock out CHOK1 cell lines CR1KOT1#018, CR1KOT1#026, CR1KOT1#034, CR1KOT1#052 and CR1KOT1#055 have shown slightly slower growth potential compared to other cell lines.

Example 5: Genomic Sequencing Assays

CRISPR transfected clones selected through functional assay, namely LCA-FITC flow cytometry assay are used for genomic sequence analysis. The FUT 8 genomic locus of Chinese Hamster is well reported in literature (NW_003613860) and is used as wild type sequence to understand type of gene modification in each cell line clone. Similarly, GMD genomic locus of Chinese Hamster is obtained from sequence database, NW_003613635.1, NP_001233625.1, NM_001246696.1 and is used as wild type sequence to understand the type gene modification in each cell line. The objective of this example is to analyse genomic DNA sequencing results obtained from CRISPR/Cas transfected CHOK1 FUT8 knock out cell lines and CHOK1 GMD knock out cell lines. All cell lines reported here are clonal cell lines and are selected from LCA media selection assay and LCA-FITC flow cytometry assay.

Briefly, the selected clonal cell lines are grown in appropriate growth conditions for genomic DNA isolation, purified genomic DNA is used for PCR amplification using primers flanking the FUT8 and GMD target loci, the PCR amplified product is then purified and cloned in a suitable vector using E. coli competent cells, resulting ampicillin resistant E. coli colonies are selected and cultured, plasmid DNA are isolated from each bacterial clone, approximately 5-10 individual bacterial colonies are tested per clonal cell lines through automated sequencing to understand the type of modification at the FUT8 target genomic locus.

Following reagents and solutions are used to carry out genome sequencing of the selected clones

The entire genome sequencing protocol is divided in following four processes

-   -   A. Genomic DNA isolation from selected clones     -   B. PCR strategy to amplify specific genomic locus for each cell         line.     -   C. Cloning of PCR products in sequencing vectors     -   D Sequence data analysis and identification of INDELs

Genomic DNA Isolation from Selected Clones

Clonal CHOK1 cell lines are grown in Advanced DMEM media with 10% Fetal bovine serum, 4 mM glutamine, 100 units/ml Penicillin and 100 μg/ml Streptomycin in T175 flasks at 37° C. in presence of 5% CO₂ and 75% relative humidity in controlled condition incubators. The cell growth is observed every day and viability is monitored Cells are harvested at 80% confluency and greater than 95% viability with trypsinization. On the day of isolation, culture media is removed and adherent cells are first washed with 10 ml of DPBS followed by addition of 4 ml of 0.05% trypsin EDTA solution for trypsinization. The cells are incubated at 37° C. for 2-3 minutes and harvested. Cells are then mixed with 10 ml of DPBS and centrifuged at 1500 rpm for 5 min. The spent media is removed and cell pellet is resuspended in 10 ml DPBS. Cells are washed again using centrifugation at 1500 rpm for 5 mm. DPBS is removed completely by aspiration. The final cell pellet is used for genomic DNA isolation.

Genomic DNA is isolated from CHOK1 control cells and CHOK1 CRISPR/Cas transfected clonal cell lines showing LCA resistance and selected through LCA flow cytometry assay. Commercially available QIAGEN gDNA extraction kit is used for isolating genomic DNA following manufacturers protocol.

PCR Strategy Design

Genomic DNA sequence of Chinese Hamster is analysed from publicly available database sequence NW_003613860. FUT8 Exon 7 DNA sequences and partial intron sequence is used for designing PCR strategy to amplify the FUT8 target locus.

GND exon and intron sequences are obtained from NW_003613635.1 and NM_001246696.1 and sequence analysis are carried out for Exon 3 and Exon 4.

Primers are designed based on primer length, PCR product length, GC content, melting temperature and potential homoduplex and heteroduplex formation. Primers are designed flanking the FUT8 target locus as provided below. The amplified PCR product is intended for mutation analysis due to CRISPR mediated SSB and subsequent DNA repair. Following nucleotide sequence represents the region of interest with primer sequences in bold letters.

Fut8 Exon 7 and associated intron sequences used for PCR primer design:

aagaaataagctgaatcagctctgacttattgtgtgattttcaatacctgt gaccaaaatgagaagttaactccttatatcttatcttatttgtttctctgg aagAATCCCAAGGACTGCAGCAAAGCCAGAAAGCTGGTATGTAATATCAAC AAAGGCTGTGGCTATGGATGTCAACTCCATCATGTGGTTTACTGCTTCATG ATTGCTTATGGCACCCAGCGAACACTCATCTTGGAATCTCAGAATTGGCGC TATGCTACTGGAGGATGGGAGACTGTGTTTAGACCTGTAAGTGAGACATGC ACAGACAGGTCTGGCCTCTCCACTGGACACTGGTCAGgtaaggagcatgtg caccatgaaagatctctggttaggtcagattagcac

Introns are represented from base 21 to base 106 and from base 345 to base 371 in lower case letters. Exon 7 is represented from base 107 to base 344 in upper case letters. The primer binding sites of Left and Right are underlined.

GMD Exon 3 and Exon 4 and associated intron sequences used for PCR primer design:

Following sequences are used.

CMD Exon 3 and Surrounding Introns

gatccttcagtgttccaagtactgggtttgcaggggtgggcagtcacacct gggaacaccagtttgaccttcattttcatatgtgaataatacatatttcag ttttgatattgaaatgtttctcttgttatctcatatcttgatgatcttttt ataaatcttaaagACATGAAGTTGCACTATGGTGACCTCACCGACAGCACC TGCCTAGTAAAAATCATCAATGAAGTCAAACCTACAGAGATCTACAATCTT GGTGCCCAGAGCCAGAGCCATGTCAAGgtaagctcttctcattgccatggc ttctttggctgtgcctttgtagtgttctctattcactcacatttgttgttt ctcaatacaatagcaaccactagttcttatcaagtttagtcttcagtatta gtttgggaattcatcctaataaaaatactcataaatttttaaggtgaggtt tctgttactcaacag

Introns are represented from base 23 to base 166 and from base 277 to base 447 in lower case letters. Exon 3 is represented from base 167 to base 276 in upper case letters. The primer binding sites of Left and Right are underlined.

GMD Exon 4 and Surrounding Introns

gacgtagtcttcagctattctatactggaagtagatgatattctcattgga aattctgttaggaagtaacccttcttgtcttcttacctgcatagaatccca ggatataaaacttgtgcttgtcgcccttgccattgtctctcactggtggcc tttattgcatctcatatctgccttctctttccagATTTCCTTTGACTTAGC AGAGTACACTGCAGATGTTGATGGAGTTGGCACCTTGCGGCTTCTGGATGC AATTAAGACTTGTGGCCTTATAAATTCTGTGAAGTTCTACCAGGCCTCAAC TAGTGAACTGTATGGAAAAGTGCAAGAAATACCCCAGAAAGAGACCACCCC TTTCTATCCAAGGTCGCCCTATGgtaagaattcctgtgcccagctgtatgt gaggctctctgcaggtgtggggatgtttctgctttctttctgcac

introns are represented from base 21 to base 187 and from base 381 to base 432 in lower case letters. Exon 4 is represented from base 188 to base 380 in upper case letters. The primer binding sites of Left and Right are underlined.

Primer Design for Identifying the INDEL by PCR

Genomic PCR is performed using QIAGEN gDNA extraction kit using the following primers mentioned in table 15.

TABLE 15 Primer  se- quence PCR PCR  Primer  (5' to product Sets Name  3') size Base T_(m) % GC CRISPR CRP_P1_FW AAGAA 394 bp 26 55.2 38 primers  ATAAGC at FUT8 TGAATC  Exon 7 AGCTC    TGAC- SEQ ID  No. 94 CRP_P1_Rv GTGCTAA 23 54.7 47.8 TCTGACC TAACCA  GAG- SEQ ID  No. 95 CRISPR GMD_P01_Fw GATCCTT 468 bp 22 53 45.5 primers  CAGTGTT at GMD CCAAGTA   Exon 3 C-SEQ  ID No.  96 GMD_P01_Rv CTGTTGA 21 50.8  42.9 GTAACAG AAACCT C-SEQ   ID No.  97 CRISPR GMD_P03_Fw GACGTAG 453 bp 20 49.9 45 primers   TCTTCAG at GMD CTATTC- Exon 4 SEQ ID  No. 98 GMD_P03_Rv GTGCAGA 21 52.6 42.9 AAGAAAG CAGAAA  C-SEQ   ID No.  99

The following section provides experimental details for PCR product generation from CHOK1 genomic DNA from control cell lines and LCA selected clonal cell lines, cloning of PCR products in E. coli competent cells and sequencing of cloned PCR products.

Optimization of PCR Condition—

The experiments are designed to standardize PCR conditions. The parameters tested include, genomic DNA concentration (from 100 ng to 1000 ng), primer concentrations (2 nmole to 20 nmole), PCR annealing temperature (from 55.8° C. to 62.9° C.) and time (20 secs to 50 secs), PCR product extension time (30 secs to 60 secs) and PCR cycle number is set at 30 cycles. Arrived optimized condition is described in following section.

PCR reactions are carried out using proof reading polymerase Phusion polymerase to ensure that PCR mediated mutations are limited. Following PCR amplification cycles, Taq polymerase enzyme is added in the mix for tailing. The tailing step is important as the extra base added to the PCR products allows direct cloning in sequencing vector described in the next section. In order to add dATP overhangs to PCR product for cloning in TA cloning vector, the Phusion polymerase amplified product is incubated with Taq DNA polymerase for 20 minutes at 72° C.

Cross Checking the Genomic DNA Sample by PCR—

Genomic DNA PCR products are analysed in agarose gel electrophoresis and the product length is confirmed using a molecular weight standard. PCR samples with clear amplification profile are used in the next processing step.

PCR Product Gel Elution Using QIAGEN Kit—

The amplified PCR products are loaded in freshly prepared 1% agarose gel and electrophoresed at 100V for one hour to separate amplified PCR products from unused primers and any other dimers produced during the amplification process. The amplified products are excised from gel and eluted using commercially available Qiagen gel elution kit. DNA is eluted with highly pure molecular biology grade water.

Cloning of PCR Products in Sequencing Vectors—

Agarose gel purified PCR amplified products are then used for cloning in commercially available pTZ57R/T vector through DNA ligation process. Conditions for DNA ligation have been standardized previously.

Transformation of Ligated Sample pTZ57R/T+CRISPR(PCR) in DH5alpha E. coli Competent Cells—

Ligated DNA is transformed in E. coli DH5alpha competent cells, available commercially. Transformation protocol as described by manufacturer is followed to achieve high level transformation efficiency. After transformation, the E. coli cells are grown in presence of Ampicillin antibiotic for growth of transformed colonies.

Inoculation of Transformed Cells (pTZ57R/T+CRISPR(PCR)) into LB Media with Ampicillin—

Each separate colony is inoculated in LB Ampicillin broth in 5 ml culture volume and grown overnight for plasmid DNA isolation.

Isolation of Plasmid DNA (pTZ57R/T+CRISPR(PCR) from DH5alpha Transformed Cells—

4.5 ml of overnight grown cultures are used for plasmid DNA isolation using commercially available QIAGEN plasmid DNA isolation kit following manufacturers protocol. The plasmid DNA is eluted with highly pure molecular biology grade water.

4.3.5 Cross Checking of Plasmids for the Presence of Insert—

Each plasmid preparation is tested for presence of insert using suitable restriction enzyme digestion followed by agarose gel electrophoresis. The size of insert is compared with suitable molecular weight standards.

Sequence Data Analysis and Identification of INDELs

Sequencing—

The confirmed plasmids are then sequenced with specific sequencing primers present in the pTZ57R/T vector backbone. Sequence data is generated in automated DNA sequencing instruments following appropriate protocols. Sequencing is carried out with both forward and reverse sequencing primers to ensure proper sequence information.

DNA Sequence Analysis—

DNA sequencing data from all plasmids are analyzed. DNA sequence from plasmid DNA derived from CHOK1 control cell line and various CRISPR mediated FUT8 knock out CHOK1 clonal cell lines and GMD knock out CHOK1 cell lines are compared and differences in DNA sequences are identified. From each CHOK1 cell line clone, PCR products are generated and cloned in E. coli. Multiple E. coli clones are sequenced to confirm nucleotide sequence modification at the target genomic locus.

Composite analysis of the sequence data is used to identify potential FUT8 and GMD knock out CHOK1 cell lines where FUT8 and GMD genomic target loci are modified through deletion and/or insertions (INDELs). The DNA sequences are then aligned to show distinct differences.

FIG. 17A to 17G provides the alignment of nucleotide sequences of CHOK1 control cell line and FUT and FIG. (17I to 17L) provides the nucleotide sequence alignments with GMD knock out clonal cell lines and CHOK1 control cell line. The DNA sequence information is used to assign amino acid sequence of the FUT8 gene (exon 7). Using standard codon usage for GMD gene, exon 3 and exon 4 regions are analyzed. The amino acid sequences are then aligned to identify deletion, frame shift mutation, insertion of stop codons as well as amino acid substitutions at specific locations FIG. 17A to 17G depicts the extent of nucleotide modification observed in the CHOK1 FUT8 knock out cell lines and FIG. 17H to 17L in CHOK1 GMD knock out cell lines when compared to CHOK1 control cell line. The data provides a representation of FUT8 and GMD genomic DNA organization among multiple CHOK1 FUT8 and GMD knock out cell lines.

PCR Reaction

First, the double-stranded DNA template is denatured at a high temperature at 94° C. Sequence-specific primers mentioned in the Table 15 are then annealed (60.4° C.) to sites flanking the target sequence. A thermostable DNA polymerase (Phusion polymerase) extends (72° C.) the annealed primers, thereby doubling the amount of the original DNA sequence. This newly synthesized product then becomes an additional template for subsequent cycles of amplification. These three steps are repeated for 30 cycles, resulting in a 10⁹ fold increase in target DNA concentration. In order to add dATP overhangs to PCR product for cloning in TA cloning vector, the PCR Phusion polymerase amplified product is incubated with Taq polymerase for 20 minutes at 72° C.

TABLE 16 Initial 94° C. 3 minutes denaturation Denaturation 94° C. 30 seconds 30 Cycles Annealing 60.4° C.  50 seconds Extension 72° C. 1 minute Final extension 72° C. 10 minutes Throughout the  4° C. process

TABLE 17 PCR conditions Reagents Sample Control Template Respectively 0.0 μL dNTPs 1 μL 1 μL Fw primer 1 μL 1 μL Rv primer 1 μL 1 μL Phusion Polymerase 1 μL 1 μL Phusion buffer HF (5X) 10 μL 10 μL Purified water Respectively 36 μL Total reaction mixture 50 μL 50 μL

FIG. 15A of the present disclosure depicts representative figure of the PCR amplified product of representative CRISPR/Cas Fut8 clone (CR1-KO-T1#022) when run on 1% agarose gel. Genomic DNA is isolated and amplified with CRP_P1_Fw and CRP_P01_Rv primers at standardized PCR conditions. The amplified product is electrophoresed in 1% agarose gel Lane 1 provides Genomic DNA of CR1-KO-T1#022 clone amplified with specific primers and Lane 2 provides DNA molecular weight standard.

The result reveals expected product size of amplified product. The PCR amplified product is gel purified and cloned in bacterial clones and sequenced to confirm the status of genomic FUT8. FIG. 15B of the present disclosure depicts representative figure of the PCR amplified product of representative CRISPR/Cas GMD clones (GMD_1.12 and GMD_1.27) when run on 1% agarose gel. Genomic DNA is isolated and amplified with GM_P01_Fw and GMD_P01_Rv primer set and GMD_P03_Fw and GMD_P03_Rv primer set, respectively at standardized PCR conditions. The amplified product is electrophoresed in 1% agarose gel. The result reveals expected product size of amplified product. The PCR amplified product is gel purified and cloned in bacterial clones and sequenced to confirm the status of genomic GMD Exon 3 and Exon 4 sequences.

In FIG. 15B, Lane 1 depicts genomic DNA of GMD_1.12 clone amplified with specific primers, Lane 2 depicts genomic DNA of GMD_1.27 clone amplified with specific primers, Lane 3 depicts DNA molecular weight standard 1 kb DNA Ladder and Lane 4 depicts DNA molecular weight standard 100 bp DNA Ladder.

This representative figure describes PCR amplification of target FUT8 and GMD genomic loci using the primer sequences in Table 15 and Phusion polymerase. The PCR product is further modified with Taq DNA polymerase for tailing. Final PCR product is then electrophoresed in agarose gel for elution of amplified fragment.

FIG. 15C depicts representative 1% agarose gel run with PCR amplification of genomic DNA of GMD 2.30 clonal cell line with primers specific for GMD Exon 4 locus. Lane 1 depicts DNA molecular weight standard 1 kb DNA Ladder, Lane 2 depicts DNA molecular weight standard 100 bp DNA Ladder and Lane 3 depicts Genomic DNA of GMD_2.30 clone amplified with specific primers.

FIGS. 15A, 15B and 15C reveal amplified PCR products of appropriate size electrophorezed for gel elution. The same process is applied to amplify PCR amplified product from CHOK1 control and FUT8 knock out and GMD knock out CHOK1 clonal cell lines, which are gel extracted using QIAEX II Gel extraction kit.

Ligation

PCR amplified and gel eluted products are ligated in commercially available pTZ57R/T vector. Ligation protocol is described as follows

TABLE 18 Ligation mix DNA (pTZ57R/T) 1 μL DNA (CRISPR(PCR product)) 4 μL T4 DNA ligase 1 μL T4 DNA ligase buffer(10X) 1 μL Purified water to 10 μL Total 10 μL

The above ligation mix is incubated at 4° C. overnight and 50% of ligated mix is transformed into DH5alpha E. coli competent cells by heat shock method.

Transformation of Ligated Sample into Bacterial Cell by Heat Shock Method

The purpose to transform bacterial cells is to clone and propagate the plasmid DNA. 20 μL aliquot of competent E. coli cells (DH5alpha) are taken from −80° C. freezer and thawed on ice for 5 minutes. 50% of ligated sample (pTZ57R/T+CRISPR(PCR) is added to the competent cells and gently mixed and incubated on ice for 20 minutes. The mix containing tube is placed on water bath/dry bath at 42° C. for 50 seconds. The tube is placed back on ice for 2 minutes. 0.950 ml of 37° C. warmed LB broth (without ampicillin antibiotic), is incubated at 37° C., 220 rpm for 1 hour, in shaker. 100 μL of the resulting culture is spread on warmed LB+ampicillin culture plates. The plates are incubated overnight at 37° C. incubator.

Plasmid DNA Isolation from Bacterial Cells Using QIAPrep Spin Miniprep

The purpose of this procedure is to grow/culture bacteria that contain a specific DNA plasmid, which is used in following experiments. 5 mL of LB+ampicillin broth is added into autoclaved tubes, isolated bacterial colonies are inoculated from the culture plates to the LB broth+Ampicillin culture tubes. Tubes are incubated at 220 rpm, at 37° C. overnight (approximately 16-18 hours depending on the growth of the bacterium). Overnight culture of 4.5 mL is centrifuged at 13 rpm for 1 minute. Plasmid DNA is isolated using commercially available QIAGEN plasmid isolation kit. Plasmid DNA is eluted with highly pure molecular biology grade water and stored at −20° C. freezer until further use.

Positive Clones Selected Using Restriction Digestion with EcoR I-HF and Hind III-HF Enzymes

Plasmid DNA thus isolated is tested for presence of insert, in this case the PCR amplified fragment. The pTZ57R/T vector contains multiple restriction enzyme sites flanking the cloned PCR product. The restriction sites EcoRI and HindIII are selected for restriction digestion as described in below table. The reaction is carried out at 37° C. for 2 hours for complete digestion of the plasmid DNA. Following restriction digestion, the mixture is electrophoresed in 1% agarose gel for 1 hour. The PCR product insert, if present, separates from pTZ57R/T vector backbone and the confirmed bacterial clones are used for DNA sequencing.

TABLE 19 Restriction enzyme digestion- reaction mix DNA (pTZ57R/T + CRISPR(PCR 2 μg products)) EcoRI-HF 1 μL Hind III-HF 1 μL Cut smart buffer(10X) from New 2 μL England Biolabs Purified water to 20 μL Total 20 μL

FIGS. 16A, 16B and 16C of the present disclosure depicts the representative restriction enzyme digestion of PCR amplified product in pTZ57R/T vector to confirm presence of inserts from different knock out cell lines. Plasmid DNA preparations from independent bacterial clones are digested with EcoRI and HindIII restriction enzymes flanking the PCR fragment cloned in the vector and the mixture is electrophoresed m 1% agarose gel. The size of resulting DNA fragments are estimated from the DNA molecular weight standards.

FIG. 16A depicts representative 1% agarose gel run of restriction digestion of pTZ57R/T plasmid with PCR product insert. Restriction digestion with EcoRI and HindIII results in 500 bp insert. The insert represents the PCR product obtained from amplification of CR1-KO-T#022 cell line genomic DNA with primers specific for FUT8 exon 7 locus.

In the figure,

Lane-1 100 bp DNA Ladder

Lane-2 pTZ57R/T+CR1-KO-T1#022 # a [EcoRI-HF & HindIII-HF]

Lane-3 pTZ57R/T+CR1-KO-T1#022 # b [EcoRI-HF & HindIII-HF]

Lane-4 pTZ57R/T+CR1-KO-T1#022 # c [EcoRI-IF & HindIII-HF]

Lane-5 pTZ57R/T+CR1-KO-T1#022 # d [EcoRI-HF & HindIII-HF]

Lane-6 pTZ57R/T+CR1-KO-T1#022 # d [Uncut]

FIG. 16B depicts representative 1% agarose gel run of restriction digestion of pTZ57R/T plasmid with PCR product insert. Restriction digestion with EcoRI and HindIII resulted in ˜500 bp insert. The insert represents the PCR product obtained from amplification of GMD 1.27 cell line genomic DNA with primers specific for GMD exon 3 locus.

In the figure,

Lane-1 GeneRuler 1 kb DNA Ladder (Thermoscientific)

Lane-2 pTZ57R/T+(CHO_GMD_1.27) # a [BamHI-HF & XbaI]

Lane-3 pTZ57R/T+(CHO_GMD_1.27) # b [BamHI-HF & XbaI]

Lane-4 pTZ57R/T+(CHO_GMD_1.27) # c [BamHI-HF & XbaI]

Lane-5 pTZ57R/T+(CHO_GMD_1.27) # d [BamHI-HF & XbaI]

Lane-6 pTZ57R/T+(CHO_GMD_1.27) # d [Uncut]

FIG. 16C depicts representative 1% agarose gel run of restriction digestion of pTZ57R/T plasmid with PCR product insert. Restriction digestion with EcoRI and HindIII resulted in ˜500 bp insert. The insert represents the PCR product obtained from amplification of GMD 2.30 cell line genomic DNA with primers specific for GMD exon 4 locus.

In the figure,

Lane-1 pTZ57R/T+(GMD_2.30) # a [Uncut]

Lane-2 pTZ57R/T+(GMD_2.30) # a [BamHI-HF & XbaI]

Lane-3 pTZ57R/T+(GMD_2.30) # b [BamHI-HF & XbaI]

Lane-4 pTZ57R/T+(GMD_2.30) # c [BamHI-HF & XbaI]

Lane-5 pTZ57R/T+(GMD_2.30) # d [BamHI-HF & XbaI]

Lane-61 kb DNA Ladder

The results reveal that all tested clones harbor PCR product inserts of predicted length. The pTZ57R/T vector backbone is represented by the fragment observed at approximately 5.4 Kb band position. Based on this data, individual plasmid DNA samples are selected and used for DNA sequencing. The same process is applied to all PCR products cloned in pTZ57R/T vector and confirmed clones are selected for DNA sequencing. The result indicates presence of insert which is sequenced with sequencing primers present in the vector backbone.

Example 6: Confirmation of the Indels by Sequencing

DNA sequencing of the selected bacterial plasmid DNA is performed with upstream and downstream sequencing primers located in the pTZ57R/T vector backbone. Sequencing data is gathered using both primers and is analysed for proper DNA sequence information. Multiple bacterial plasmids are sequenced to generate composite DNA sequence information at the FUT8 and GMD target genomic loci for CHOK1 control cell line and clonal CHOK1 FUT8 and GMD knock out cell lines achieved through CRISPR/Cas complex.

Provided below are the genomic DNA sequences from CHOK1 control cell line and CHOK1 FUT8 and GMD knock out clonal cell lines, confirming the presence of insertion and/or deletion mutations in Fut8 gene and GMD gene, respectively by CRISPR constructs, as per the method of the present disclosure. Amplified targeted genomic locus from each cell line including the CHOK1 control cell line is cloned as PCR products in multiple independent bacterial clones. Sequence verification is carried out with both forward and reverse sequencing primers from multiple independent bacterial clones (ranging from 5-15) to understand allelic variability of the FUT8 and GMD target loci. The DNA sequence data below is representative of genomic sequences at the targeted FUT8 locus from various FUT8 knock out cell lines.

DNA Sequence Analysis

CHOK1 control cell line (wild type)—sequence of Exon-7 of FUT8 gene is in upper case. Intron sequence is in lower case and underlined.

aagaaataagctgaatcagctctgacttattgtgtgatttcaatacct gtgaccaaaatgagaagttaactccttatatctttatcttatttgttt ctctggaagAATCCCAAGGACTGCAGCAAAGCCAGAAAGCTGGTATGT AATATCAACAAAGGCTGTGGCTATGGATGTCAACTCCATCATGTGGTT TACTGCTTCATGATTGCTTATGGCACCCAGCGAACACTCATCTTGGAA TCTCAGAATTGGCGCTATGCTACTGGAGGATGGGAGACTGTGTTTAGA CCTGTAAGTGAGACATGCACAGACAGGTCTGGCCTCTCCACTGGACAC TGGTCAGgtaaggagcatgtgcaccatgaaagatctctggttaggtca gattagcac

CHOK1 FUT8 knockout clonal cell line sequences are provided below. It is observed that the Exon 7 sequence is mutated in the cell lines.

CR1KOT1#023 AATCCCAAGGACTGCAGCAAAGCCAGAAAGCTGGTATGTAATATCAA CAAAGGCTGTGGCTATGGATGTCAACTCCATCATGTGGTTTACTGCT TCATGATTGCTTATGGCACCCAGCGAACATTGGATATTGGGAAGAAT TAGAGTTGAGTTGAGGATGGGAGACTGTGTTTAGACCTGTAAGTGAG ACATGCACAGACAGGTCTGGCCTCTCCACTGGACACTGGTCAG CR1KOT1#018 AATCCCAAGGACTGCAGCAAAGCCAGAAAGCTGGTATGTAATATCAA CAAAGGCTGTGGCTATGGATGTCAACTCCATCATGTGGTTTACTGCT TCATGATTGCTTATGGACCCAGAATTGGCGCTATGCTACTGGAGGAT GGGAGACTGTGTTTAGACCTGTAAGTGAGACATGCACAGACAGGTCT GGCCTCTCCACTGGACACTGGTCAG CR1KOT1#055 AATCCCAAGGACTGCAGCAAAGCCAGAAAGCTGGTATGTAATATCAA CAAAGGCTGTGGCTATGGATGTCAACTCCATCATGTGGTTTACTGCT TCATGATTGCTTATGGCACCCAGCGCACTCATCTTGGAATCTCAGAA TTGGCGCTATGCTACTGGAGGATGGGAGACTGTGTTTAGACCTGTAA GTGAGACATGCACAGACAGGTCTGGCCTCTCCACTGGACACTGGTCA G CR1KOT1#044 AATCCCAAGGACTGCAGCAAAGCCAGAAAGCTGGTATGTAATATCAA CAAAGGCTGTGGCTATGGATGTCAACTCCATCATGTGGTCTACTGCT TCATGATTGCTTATGGCACCCAGCGAACACTCATCTCTGGAGGATGG GAGACTGTGTTTAGACCTGTAAGTGAGACATGCACAGACAGGTCTGG CCTCTCCACTGGACACTGGTCAG CR1KOT1#022 AATCCCAAGGACTGCAGCAAAGCCAGAAAGCTGGTATGTAATATCAA CAAAGGCTGTGGCTATGGATGTCAACTCCATCATGTGGTTTACTGCT TCATGATTGCTTATGGCACCCAGCGAACACTCATCTTGGAATCTCAG AATTGGCACACAGATCCTGGACTCCCGGATGAACACTAAGTACGACG AGAATGACAAGCTGATCCGGGAAGTGAAAGTGATCACCCTATGCTAC TGGAGGATGGGAGACTGTGTTTAGACCTGTAAGTGAGACATGCACAG ACAGGTCTGGCCTCTCCACTGGACACTGGTCAG CR1KOT1#036 AATCCCAAGGACTGCAGCAAAGCCAGAAAGCTGGTATGTAATATCAA CAAAGGCTGTGGCTATGGATGTCAACTCCATCATGTGGTTTACTGCT TCATGATTGCTTATGGCACCCAGCGAACACTCACACTCATCTTGGAA TCTCAGAATTGGAATCTCATCTTGGAATCTCAGAATTGGAATCTCAG AATTGGCGCTATGCTACTGGAGGATGGGAGACTGTGTTTAGACCTGT AAGTGAGACATGCACAGACAGGTCTGGCCTCTCCACTGGACACTGGT CAG CR1KOT1#037 AATCCCAAGGACTGCAGCAAAGCCAGAAAGCTGGTATGTAATATCAA CAAAGGCTGTGGCTATGGATGTCAACTCCATCATGTGGTTTACTGCT TCATGATTGCTTATGGCACACTCATTATCCTCGGGGGGAGCAGCCAC TCAAATTTTGGCGCTATGCTACTGGAGGATGGGAGACTGTGTTTAGA CCTGTAAGTGAGACATGCACAGACAGGTCTGGCCTCTCCACTGGACA CTGGTCAG CR1KOT1#051 AATCCCAAGGACTGCAGCAAAGCCAGAAAGCTGGTATGTAATATCAA CAAAGGCTGTGGCTATGGATGTCAACTCCATCATGTGGTTTACTGCT TCATGATTGCTTATGGCACCCAAATTGGCGCTATGCTACTGGAGGAT GGGAGACTGTGTTTAGACCTGTAAGTGAGACATGCACAGACAGGTCT GGCCTCTCCACTGGACACTGGTCAG CR1KOT1#052 AATCCCAAGGACTGCAGCAAAGCCAGAAAGCTGGTATGTAATATCAA CAAAGGCTGTGGCTATGGATGTCAACTCCATCATGTGGTTTACTGCT TCATGATTGCTTATGGCACCCAGCGAACACTCATCTTGCGAACACTC ATCTTGGAATCTCAGAATTGTACTGGAGGATGGGAGACTGTGTTTAG ACCTGTAAGTGAGACATGCACAGACAGGTCTGGCCTCTCCACTGGAC ACTGGTCAGG CRIKOT1#059 AATCCCAAGGACTGCAGCAAAGCCAGAAAGCTGGTATGTAATATCAA CAAAGGCTGTGGCTATGGATGTCAACTCCATCATGTGGTTTACTGCT TCATGATTGCTTATGGCACCCAGCGAACACTCATCTTGGAATCTCAG AATTGGCGCTTTGGAATCTCAGAATTGGCGCTACTGGAGGATGGGAG ACTGTGTTTAGACCTGTAAGTGAGACATGCACAGACAGGTCTGGCCT CTCCACTGGACACTGGTCAG CR1KOT1#061 AATCCCAAGGACTGCAGCAAAGCCAGAAAGCTGGTATGTAATATCAA CAAAGGCTGTGGCTATGGATGTCAACTCCATCATGTGGTTTACTGCT TCATGATTGCTTATGGCACCCAGCGAACACTCATCTTGGAATCTCGT GTTTAGACTGTAAGTGAGACATGCACACGACAGGTCTGGCCTCTCCA CTGGACACTGGTCAG CRIKOT1#067 AATCCCAAGGACTGCACCGCAAAGCCAGAAAGCTGGTATGTAATATC AACAAAGGCTGTGGCTATGGATGTCAACTCCATCATGTGGTTTACTG CTTCATGATTGCTCATCTTGGAATCTCAGAATTGGCGCTATGCTACT GGAGGATGGGAGACTGTGTTTTAGACCTGTAAGTGAGACATGCACAC AGACAGGTCTGGCCTCTCCACTGGACACTGGTCAG

Representative genomic DNA sequence alignment in FUT8 knock out cell line clones showing deletion in FUT8 gene sequence is provided in FIG. 17 of the present disclosure. FIG. 17A to 17G depict nucleotide sequence analysis at the Fut8 exon 7 target locus. Genomic DNA of CRISPR/Cas transfected selected CHOK1 FUT8 knock out clones and CHOK1 control cell lines are used to PCR amplify targeted genomic FUT8 locus. Sequence data is collected from analysis of 5-15 independent bacterial clones sequenced with both forward and reverse sequencing primers. The sequencing data suggests deletions of variable lengths in multiple clones compared to CHOK1 control cell line. Largest deletion of bases is observed in clone CR1KOT1#061 and smallest deletion is just 2 bases in clone CR1KOT11#055. All deletions are located at the CRISPR/Cas target site.

In FIG. 17A, the left and right CRISPR-Cas DNA binding sites are denoted by open boxes. FIG. 17B to 17G indicate multiple clones where the sequence data revealed insertion of new DNA sequence compared to CHOK1 control cell line. FIG. 17B, and FIG. 17F representing clone numbers CR1KOT1#023 and CR1KOT1#052 revealed both insertion and deletion of sequences compared to CHOK1 genomic sequence. Clone number CR1KOT1#037 (FIG. 17E) revealed unique insertion and extensive mismatch of bases compared to CHOK1 genomic sequence. Insertion of bases also varied in length as shown in FIGS. 17B to 17G.

The data suggests various INDELs present at the FUT8 genomic locus in CHOK1 FUT8 knock out cell lines. In many cases, it is observed that there are very specific modifications at the targeted bases, and in other cases the changes are broad and involve longer stretches of DNA. Such diversity of genomic modification through CRISPR/Cas complex is possible due to endogenous DNA single strand breaks at close proximity and repair through non homologous end joining. All of these cell lines are selected through functional screening assay, namely LCA-FITC flow cytometry assay. The results also imply high efficiency of the functional assays to isolate and identify CHOK1 FUT8 knock out cell line.

It is also revealed that the design of the CRISPR/Cas complex depicted in this disclosure is unique as this one pair of CRISPR/Cas complex with the Cas9n endonuclease provides a highly sequence specific gene alteration at the targeted FUT8 locus in CHOK1 cell lines.

DNA Sequence Analysis of CHOK1 Cells Transfected with pD1401 (gRNA 167-207) CRISPR/Cas Complex to Target Exon 3 of GMD Gene

CHOK1 control cell line (wild type)—sequence of Exon-3 of GMD gene is in upper case. Intron sequence is in lower case and underlined.

gatccttcagtgttccaagtactgggtttgcaggggtgggcagtca cacctgggaacaccagtttgaccttcattttcatatgtgaataata catatttcagttttgatattgaaatgtttctcttgttatctcatat cttgatgatctttttataaatcttaaagACATGAAGTTGCACTATG GTGACCTCACCGACAGCACCTGCCTAGTAAAAATCATCAATGAAGT CAAACCTACAGAGATCTACAATCTTGGTGCCCAGAGCCATGTCAAG gtaagctcttctcattgccatggcttctttggctgtgcctttgtag tgttctattcactcacatttgttgtttctcaatacaatagcaacca ctagttcttatcaagtttagtcttcagtattagtttgggaattcat cctaataaaaatactcataaatttttaaggtgaggtttctgttact caacag

CHOK1 GMD knockout clonal cell line sequences are provided below. It is observed that the Exon 3 sequence is mutated in the cell lines.

GMD_1.12 ACATGAAGTTGCACTATGGTGACCTCACCGACAGCACCTGTGTTT TGGCACCAAAATCAACGGGACTTTCCAAAATGTCGTAATAACCCC GCCCCGTTGACGCAAATGGAGAATCGCGCAGGGGAATGGCCTGCC GCACTTTCTGGCGGGCAGAAACAGCGAGTGGCGCTGCCAAGAGCG TTGATTCATCCACCGCGATTATTGTTGCGTGATGAACCGCTCCCG GCQCTGGACGCCTTAACGCGACTCGAGATGCAGGATTTGATTGTG TCTAGTAAAAATCATCAATGAAGTCAAACCACAGAGATCTACAAT CTGGTGCCCAGACCCATGTCAAG GMD_1.27 ACATGAAGITGCACIATGCTGACCTCACCGACAGCACCTCFCCIA GIGAAGICAAACCTACAGAGATCTACAATCTTGCTGCCCAGAGCC ATGTCAAG GMD_1.37 ACATGAAGTTGCACTATGGTGACCTCACCGACAGCACCTGCCTA GTAAAAATCATCTGACCGCCAGGTCGTAAAATCATCAATGAAGTC AAACCTACAGAGATCTACAATCTTGGTGCCCAGAGCCATGTCAAG GMD_1.41 TAGATCTCTGTAGGITTGACTTCATTGATGAAGATCTACAATCTT GGTGCCCAGAGCCATGTCAAG GMD_1.43 TGGTGACCTCACCGACAGCACCTGCCTAGTAAAAAATCATCAATG AAGTCAAACCTACAGAGATCTACAATCTTGGTGCCCAGAGCCATG TCAAG GMD_1.44 ACATGAAGTTGCACTATGGTGACCTCACCGATGAAGTCAAACCTA CAGAGATCTACAATCTTGGTGCCCAGAGCCATGTCAAG

DNA Sequence Analysis of CHOK1 Cells Transfected with pD1301 (gRNA 404) CRISPR/Cas Complex to Target Exon 4 of GMD Gene

CHOK1 control cell line (wild type)—sequence of Exon-4 of GMD gene is in upper case. Intron sequence is in lower case and the primer locations are underlined.

gacgtagtcttcagctattctatactggaagtagatgatattctcat tggaaattctgttaggaagtaacccttcttgtcttcttacctgcata gaatcccaggatataaaacttgtgcttgtcgcccttgccattgtctc tcactggtggcctttattgcatctcatatctgccttctctttccagA TTTCCTTTGACTTAGCAGAGTACACTGCAGATGTTFGATGGAGTTGG CACCTTGCGGCTTCTTGGATGCAATTAAGACTTGTGGCCTTATAAAT TCTGTGAAGTTCTACCAGGCCTCAACTAGTGAACTGTATGGAAAAGT GCAAGAAATACCCCAGAAAGAGACCACCCCTTTCTATCCAAGGTCGC CCTATGgtaagaattcctgtgcccagctgtatgtgaggctctctgca ggtgtggggatgtttctgctttctttctgcac

CHOK1 GMD knockout clonal cell line sequence is provided below. It is observed that the Exon 4 sequence is mutated in the clonal cell line

GMD_2.30 ATTTCCTTTGACTTAGCAGAGTACACTGCAGATGTTGATGGAGTTGG CACTTCTGGATGCAATTAAGACTTGTGGCCTTATAAATTCTGTGAAG TTCTACCAGGCCTCAACTAGTGAACTGTATGGAAAAGTGCAAGAAAT ACCCCAAAAAGAGACCACCCCTTTCTATCCAAGGTCGCCCTATG

DNA Sequence Analysis of CHOK1 Cells Transfected with Both pD1401 (gRNA 167-207) and pD1301 (gRNA 404) CRISPR/Cas Complex to Target Exon 3 and Exon 4 of GMD Gene

CHOK1 GMD knockout clonal cell line sequence is provided below. It is observed that the although both CRISPR/Cas complex were transfected, nucleotide mutations are observed in Exon 4 only. Analysis of Exon3 sequence revealed wild type Exon 3 in the clonal knock out cell line.

GMD_3.51 Exon 3 sequence- ACATGAAGTTGCACTATGGTGACCTCACCGACAGCACCTGCCTAG TAAAAATCATCAATGAAGTCAAACCTACAGAGATCTACAATCITG GTGCCCAGAGCCATGTCAAG Exon 4 sequence- ATTTCCTTTGACTTAGCAGAGTACACTGCAGATGTTGAGACTTGT GGCCTTATAAATTCTGTGAAGTTCTACCAGGCCTCAACTAGTGAA CTGTATGGAAAAGTGCAAGAAATACCCCAGAAAGAGACCACCCCT TTCTATCCAAGGTCGCCCTATG

Table showing list of sequences from clonal GMD knock out cell lines developed by transfection with pD1401 (gRNA 16⁷-207) CRISPR/Cas complex.

TABLE 20 Genetic   makeup Cell  at GMD  line target  infor- genomic mation locus DNA sequencing data CHOK1  Wild  ACATGAAGTTGCACTATGGTGACCTCACC Control type GACAGCACCTGCCTAGTAAAAATCATCAA TGAAGTCAAACCTACAGAGATCTACAATC TTGGTGCCCAGAGCCATGTCAAG GMD_1.12 Frame-  ACATGAAGTTGCACTATGGTGACCTCACC shift & GACAGCACCTGTGTTTTGGCACCAAAATC STOP  AACGGGACTTTCCAAAATGTCGTAATAAC codon CCCGCCCCGTTGACGCAAATGGAGAATCG CGCAGGGGAATGGCCTGCCGCACTTTCTG GCGGGCAGAAACAGCGAGTGGCGCTGGCA AGAGCGTTGATTCATCGACCGGGATTATT GTTGCGTGATGAACCGCTCGGGGCGCTGG ACGCCTTAACGCGACTCGAGATGCAGGAT TTGATTGTGTCTAGTAAAAATCATCAATG AAGTCAAACCTACAGAGATCTACAATCTT GGTGCCCAGAGCCATGTCAAG GMD 1.27 Frame- ACATGAAGTTGCACTATGGTGACCTCACC shift GACAGCACCTGCCTAGTGAAGTCAAACCT ACAGAGATCTACAATCTTGGTGCCCAGAG CCATGTCAAG GMD 1.37 Frame-  ACATGAAGTTGCACTATGGTGACCTCACC shift & GACAGCACCTGCCTAGTAAAAATCATCTG STOP   ACCGCCAGGTCGTAAAATCATCAATGAAG codon TCAAACCTACAGAGATCTACAATCTTGGT GCCCAGAGCCATGTCAAG GMD 1.41 Stop   TAGATCTCTGTAGGTTTGACTTCATTGAT codon & GAAGATCTACAATCTTGGTGCCCAGAGCC Deletion ATGTCAAG GMD 1.43 Frame-  TGGTGACCTCACCGACAGCACCTGCCTAG  shift & TAAAAAATCATCAATGAAGTCAAACCTAC STOP  AGAGATCTACAATCTTGGTGCCCAGAGCC codon ATGTCAAG GMD 1.44 Deletion ACATGAAGTTGCACTATGGTGACCTCACC GATGAAGTCAAACCTACAGAGATCTACAA TCTTGGTGCCCAGAGCCATGTCAAG

Table showing list of sequences from clonal GMD knock out cell lines developed by transfection with pD1301 (gRNA 404) CRISPR/Cas complex

TABLE 21 Genetic  makeup  Cell  at GMD line target  infor- genomic mation locus DNA sequencing data CHOK1 Wild  ATTTCCTTTGACTTAGCAGAGTACACTGCA control type GATGTTGATGGAGTTGGCACCTTGCGGCTT CTGGATGCAATTAAGACTTGTGGCCTTATA AATTCTGTGAAGTTCTACCAGGCCTCAACT AGTGAACTGTATGGAAAAGTGCAAGAAATA CCCCAGAAAGAGACCACCCCTTTCTATCCA AGGTCGCCCTATG GMD_2.30 Frame- ATTTCCTTTGACTTAGCAGAGTACACTGCA shift &  GATGTTGATGGAGTTGGCACTTCTGGATGC STOP AATTAAGACTTGTGGCCTTATAAATTCTGT codon GAAGTTCTACCAGGCCTCAACTAGTGAACT GTATGGAAAAGTGCAAGAAATACCCCAAAA AGAGACCACCCCTTTCTATCCAAGGTCGCC CTATG

Table showing list of sequences from clonal GMD knock out cell lines developed by transfection with both pD1401 (gRNA 167-207) and pD1301 (gRNA 404) CRISPR/Cas complex.

TABLE 22 Genetic  makeup Cell  at GMD line target infor- genomic  Exon mation locus number DNA sequencing data CHOK1 Wild  Exon 3 ACATGAAGTTGCACTATGGTGACCTC control type ACCGACAGCACCTGCCTAGTAAAAAT CATCAATGAAGTCAAACCTACAGAGA TCTACAATCTTGGTGCCCAGAGCCAT GTCAAG Wild  Exon 4 ATTTCCTTTGACTTAGCAGAGTACAC type TGCAGATGTTGATGGAGTTGGCACCT TGCGGCTTCTGGATGCAATTAAGACT TGTGGCCTTATAAATTCTGTGAAGTT CTACCAGGCCTCAACTAGTGAACTGT ATGGAAAAGTGCAAGAAATACCCCAG AAAGAGACCACCCCTTTCTATCCAAG GTCGCCCTATG GMD_3.51 Wild  Exon 3 ACATGAAGTTGCACTATGGTGACCTC type ACCGACAGCACCTGCCTAGTAAAAAT CATCAATGAAGTCAAACCTACAGAGA TCTACAATCTTGGTGCCCAGAGCCAT GTCAAG DELETION Exon 4  ATTTCCTTTGACTTAGCAGAGTACAC TGCAGATGTTGAGACTTGTGGCCTTA TAAATTCTGTGAAGTTCTACCAGGCC TCAACTAGTGAACTGTATGGAAAAGT GCAAGAAATACCCCAGAAAGAGACCA CCCCTTTCTATCCAAGGTCGCCCTAT G

Representative genomic DNA sequence alignment in GMD CHOK1 knock out cell line clones showing deletion in GMD gene sequence is provided in FIG. 17 H to 17L of the present disclosure. FIG. 17H to 17L depict nucleotide sequence analysis at the GMD target locus. Genomic DNA of CRISPR/Cas transfected selected CHOK1 GMD knock out clones and CHOK1 control cell lines are used to PCR amplify targeted genomic GMD loci, both exon 3 and exon 4 sequences. Sequence data is collected from analysis of 5-15 independent bacterial clones sequenced with both forward and reverse sequencing primers. The sequencing data suggests deletions of variable lengths in multiple clones compared to CHOK1 control cell line. Largest deletion of bases is observed in clone GMD 1.41 and smallest deletion of 8 bases in clone GMD 2.30. All deletions are located at the CRISPR/Cas target site.

In FIG. 17H, the left and right CRISPR/Cas DNA binding sites are denoted by open boxes. In FIG. 17K, the CRISPR/Cas binding site is denoted by open box FIG. 17I to 17J indicate clones where the sequence data revealed insertion of new DNA sequence compared to CHOK1 control cell line. FIG. 17K reveals small deletion at the GMD exon4 target site with pD1301 (gRNA 404) CRISPR/Cas insert which is the result of double strand DNA break. FIG. 17L represents the sequence data from GMD knock out CHOK1 cell line transfected with two CRISPR/Cas constructs, pD1401 (gRNA 167-207) and pD1301 (gRNA 404) where only GMD exon4 sequence is modified with 36 base pair deletion.

The data suggests various INDELs present at the GMD genomic locus in CHOK1 GMD knock out cell lines. In many cases, it is observed that there are very specific modifications at the targeted bases, and in other cases the changes are broad and involve longer stretches of DNA. Such diversity of genomic modification through CRISPR/Cas complex is possible due to endogenous DNA single strand breaks and DNA double strand break and subsequent DNA repair. All of these cell lines are selected through functional screening assay, namely LCA-FITC flow cytometry assay. The results also imply high efficiency of the functional assays to isolate and identify CHOK1 GMD knock out cell line.

It is also revealed that the design of the CRISPR/Cas complex depicted in this disclosure is unique as this one pair of CRISPR/Cas complex with the Cas9n endonuclease provides a highly sequence specific gene alteration at the targeted GMD locus in CHOK1 cell lines.

Amino Acid Sequence Analysis of the CHOK1 FUT8 Knock Out Cell Lines

FUT8 genomic DNA sequence CHOK1 control and CHOK1 FUT8 knock out cell lines are further analyzed to understand the impact of DNA sequence INDEL on FUT protein status. DNA sequences at the targeted FUT8 locus is translated into amino acid sequences using vertebrate codon bias. The amino acid sequence of exon7 region is studied closely and the results are summarized in table 23. When compared to CHOK1 control cell line, the FUT8 knock out cell lines revealed modifications involving deletions and insertion of amino acids as well as introduction of stop codons and frame shift mutations. It is observed that deletions of 10 amino acids or larger stretches of amino acid sequences compared to the CHOK1 FUT8 protein sequence is obtained.

In many instances, frame shift mutations are observed, which alter the C-terminal region of the FUT8 protein to make it non-functional enzyme. In addition, in several cases, stop codon is introduced as an effect of frame shift mutation and thereby the FUT8 protein is truncated and non-functional in these clones.

TABLE 23 Genetic  makeup at FUT8 target  Amino acid sequence  Cell line genomic derived from DNA  information locus sequencing data CHOK1 Wild type  NPKDCSKARKLVCNINKGCGYGC control  FUT8 amino QLHHVVYCFMIAYGTQRTLILES cell  acid  QNWRYATGGWETVFRPVSETCTD line sequence RSGLSTGHWS CR1KOT# Deletion  NPKDCSKARKLVCNINKGCGYGC 018 mutant QLHHVVYCFMIAYGTQNWRYATG GWETVFRPVSETCTDRSGLSTGH WS CRIKOT1# Frame shift  NPKDCSKARKLVCNINKGCGYGC 055 with STOP QLHHVVYCFMIAYGTQRTHLGIS CODON ELALCYWRMGDCV* CR1KOT1# Deletion  NPKDCSKARKLVCNINKGCGYGC 044 mutant QLHHVVYCFMIAYGTQRTLISGG WETVFRPVSETCTDRSGLSTGHW S CR1KOT1# Frame shift  NPKDCSKARKLVCNINKGCGYGC 022 with STOP QLHHVVYCFMIAYGTQRTLILES CODON QNWHTDPGLPDEH* CR1KOT1# Frame shift  NPKDCSKARKLVCNINKGCGYGC 036 with STOP QLHHVVYCFMIAYGTQRTLTLIL CODON ESQNWNLILESQNWNLRIGAMLL EDGRLCLDL* CR1KOT1#   Frame shift  NPKDCSKARKLVCNINKGCGYGC 037 with STOP QLHHVVYCFMIAYGTLIILGGAA CODON TQILALCYWRMGDCV* CR1KOT1# Frame shift  NPKDCSKARKLVCNINKGCGYGC 051 with STOP QLHHVVYCFMIAYGTQIGAMLLE CODON DGRLCLDL* CR1KOT1# INSERTION  NPKDCSKARKLVCNINKGCGYGC 052 with QLHHVVYCFMIAYGTQRTLILRT frame LILESQNCTGGWETVFRPVSETC TDRSGLSTGHWS CR1KOT1# Frame shift  NPKDCSKARKLVCNINKGCGYGC 059 with STOP QLHHVVYCFMIAYGTQRTLILES CODON QNWRFGISELALLEDGRLCLDL* CRIKOT1# DELETION NPKDCSKARKLVCNINKGCGYGC 061 QLHHVVYCFMIAYGTQRTLILES VFRPVSETCTDRSGLSTGHWS CRIKOT1# Frame shift  NPKDCSKARKLVCNINKGCGYGC 067 with STOP QLHHVVYCFMIAHLGISELALCY CODON WRMGDCV* CRIKOT1# Frame shift  NPKDCSKARKLVCNINKGCGYGC 023 with STOP QLHHVVY CODON CFMIAYGTQRTLDIGKN*

Furthermore, it is observed that the selection of target amino acids in the FUT8 protein sequence is highly effective. Targeting conserved amino acids at positions of wild type FUT8 protein with only one pair of CRISPR/Cas complex has created mutations at the targeted locus in multiple knock out cell lines.

Representative amino acid sequence alignment in CHOK1 control and CHOK1 CRISPR/Cas transfected cell lines showing deletion in FUT8 gene sequence is provided in FIGS. 18A and 18B of the present disclosure. The translated amino acid sequence is predicted using standard codon usage. The data indicates various effects on FUT8 amino acid sequence due to the nucleotide deletion and/or insertion observed Clones CR1KOT1#018, CR1KOT1#044, CR1KOT1#061, CR1KOT1#055, CR1KOT1#067 and CR1KOT1#051 revealed targeted deletion of specific amino acid positions. In clone numbers CR1KOT1#052, CR1KOT1#022, CR1KOT1#036. CR1KOT1#059, CR1KOT1#023, and CR1KOT1#037, addition of amino acids in the targeted region is seen (FIG. 18B). Some of the clones revealed deletion followed by frame shift mutations resulting in early stop codons. All these modifications indicate non-functional FUT8 protein in the CRISPR/Cas transfected CHOK1 FUT8 knock out cell lines.

In addition, the CRISPR/Cas complex creates frame shift mutations followed by stop codons which disrupted the c-terminal region of the FUT8 enzyme which contains important motif II and motif II in the Rossmann fold. The specific amino acids positions Tyr-382, Asp-409, Asp-410, Asp-453, and Ser-469 which are involved in the catalytic domain of the FUT8 enzyme are therefore not expressed in these truncated versions of FUT8 gene. The end result of these critical mutations is non-functional α-1,6 fucosyltransferase enzyme, the protein product of FUT8 gene in the CHOK1 FUT8 knock out cell lines.

Analysis of GMD Gene Exon 3 Locus in Clonal Cell Lines Transfected with pD1401 (gRNA 167-207) CRISPR/Cas Complex.

The clonal knock out lines reveal different kinds of mutations in the GMD gene protein sequence at the targeted region. Below table lists all mutations observed in the GMD knock out clonal cell lines.

TABLE 24 Genetic  makeup  at  Cell  GMD  line target Amino acid sequence infor- genomic  derived from DNA mation locus sequencing data CHOK1 Wild MKLHYGDLTDSTCLVKIINEVKPTEIYN control type  LGAQSHVK GMD_1.12 Frame-& MKLHYGDLTDSTCVLAPKSTGLSKMS** shift  PRPVDANGESRRGMACRTFWRAETASGA STOP  GKSVDSSTGIIVA**TARGAGRLNATRD codon AGFDCV**KSSMKSNLQRSTILVPRAMS GMD_1.27 Frame- MKLHYGDLTDSTCLVKSNLQRSTILVPR shift AMS GMD_1.37 Frame-& MKLHYGDLTDSTCLVKII*PPGRKIINE shift  VKPTEIYNLGAQSHVK STOP  codon GMD_1.41 Stop & *ISVGLTSLMKIYNLGAQSHVK Deletion  GMD_1.43 Frame- VTSPTAPA**KIINEVKPTEIYNLGAQS shift & HVK STOP  codon GMD_1.44_ Deletion  MKLHYGDLTD_________EVKPTELYN LGAOSHVK

Analysis of GMD Gene Exon 4 Locus in Clonal Cell Lines Transfected with pD1301 (gRNA 404) CRISPR/Cas Complex:

The clonal knock out cell line revealed mutations in the GMD gene protein sequence at the targeted region. Below table lists all mutations observed in the GMD knock out clonal cell line.

TABLE 25 Genetic  makeup Cell  at GMD line target Amino acid sequence infor- genomic  derived from DNA mation locus sequencing data CHOK1  Wild  ISFDLAEYTADVDGVGTLRLLDAIKT control  type CGLINSVKFYQASTSELYGKVQEIPQ KETTPFYPRSPY GMD _2.30 Frame- ISFDLAEYTADVDGVGTSGCN*DLWP shift & YKFCEVLPGLN**TVWKSARNTPKRD STOP  HPFLSKVAL codon

Analysis of GMD Gene exon3 and Exon 4 Loci in Clonal Cell Line Transfected with Both pD1401 (gRNA 167-207) and pD1301 (gRNA 404) CRISPR/Cas Complex:

The clonal knock out cell line revealed mutations only in the GMD gene exon 4 protein sequence among the targeted regions. Below table list all mutations observed in the GMD knock out clonal cell line.

TABLE 26 Genetic  makeup Cell  at GAD  line target Amino acid sequence  infor- genomic  Exon derived from DNA mation locus number sequencing data CHOK1 Wild type Exon 3 MKLHYGDLTDSTCLVKIINE control VKPTEIYNLGAQSHVK Wild type Exon 4 ISFDLAEYTADVDGVGTLRL LDAIKTCGLINSVKFYQAST SELYGKVQEIPQKETTPFYP RSPY GMD_3.51 Wild type Exon 3 MKLHYGDLTDSTCLVKIINE VKPTEIYNLGAQSHVKIS Deletion Exon 4 FDLAEYTADV__________ ETCGLINSVKFYQASTSELY GKVQEIPQKETTPFYPRSPY

FIG. 18C represent amino acid analysis of GMD knock out CHOK1 clones generated by using pD1401 (gRNA 167-207). Multiple types of mutations at the target GMD exon3 locus are observed which include deletion of amino acid residues, substitution as well as premature stop codons. Such modifications render the GMD gene non-functional and thereby resulted in Fucose knock out cell lines Clone number GMD 1.12 and GMD 1.37 reveal insertion of amino acid residues and frame shift mutations that introduced premature stop codons (FIGS. 18D and 18E). In case of clone GMD 2.30, where pD1301 (gRNA 404) is used for introducing DNA double stand break revealed insertion and frame shift mutations at the target GMD exon4 locus (FIG. 18F). Similarly, in clone GMD 3.51 (FIG. 18G) the data revealed deletion of amino acids at GMD exon4 only although the cell line is generated by transfecting with both pD1401 (gRNA 167-207) and pD1301 (gRNA 404) CRISPR/Cas constructs.

This data reveals the CRISPR/Cas design made to target two specific exon target site of GMD gene are very specific and both constructs are effective in specific targeting. The GMD CHOK1 knock out cell line thus developed is used for non fucosylated monoclonal antibody development.

Example 7—Use of Fucose Knockout Cell Line to Produce Partially Fucosylated and Non-Fucosylated Antibodies

The fucose knock out CHOK1 cell expression platform is used for expression of non-fucosylated antibody, particularly non-fucosylated monoclonal antibody. Antibody genes encoding heavy chain and light chain of monoclonal antibody is cloned in suitable gene expression plasmids and is transfected in the fucose knock out CHOK1 cell platform described in the examples above. The monoclonal antibody produced using this platform/method is expressed as non-fucosylated antibody. The product is purified following established protocols and guidelines to develop biobetter monoclonal antibody product for therapeutic use. Nonfucosylated biobetter antibody produced using this platform results in higher level of ADCC and thereby better therapeutic outcome.

LCA-FTTC flow cytometry data and further sequencing experiments of the present disclosure confirm that the FKO lines are unable to fucosylate membrane proteins. Thus, the cell obtained in the present disclosure produces non-fucosylated proteins, specifically non-fucosylated antibody. The characteristic features and therapeutic advantages of non-fucosylated antibodies, such as higher ADCC, are known to one of skill in the art.

The GMD knock out CHOK1 cell lines are useful in unique applications in non fucosylated monoclonal antibody development programs. GMD gene is upstream of the critical GDP-Fucose step in the fucose biosynthetic pathway. GDP fucose can be produced in CHOK1 cell either by de novo pathway which is completely depended on GMD gene function or through salvage pathway which is independent of GMD gene function but requires presence of L-Fucose in growth media. Therefore, it is possible to achieve a conditional regulation of fucosylation of monoclonal antibodies produced in the GMD knock out cell lines.

Scenario 1: Monoclonal antibody gene expression in GMD knock out CHOK1 cells without any L-Fucose in growth media. The monoclonal antibody produced is 100% afucosylated. In this case both de novo and salvage fucose biosynthetic pathways are non-functional.

Scenario 2: Monoclonal antibody gene expression in GMD knock out CHOK1 cells with optimal L-Fucose in growth media. The monoclonal antibody produced is 100% fucosylated. this case, the de novo pathway is completely blocked but the salvage pathway is functional. This allows complete fucosylation of the monoclonal antibody gene produced in the GMD knock out CHOK1 cell line

Scenario 3: Monoclonal antibody gene expression in GMD knock out CHOK1 cells with various levels of L-Fucose in growth media. The monoclonal antibody produced in this condition is partially fucosylated. The dosage of L-Fucose in the growth medium determines the level of fucosylation of the monoclonal antibody. This dosage is titrated during culture condition to ensure level of monoclonal antibody fucosylation and thereafter titrated again to fine tune to achieve critical levels of fucosylation of target monoclonal antibody.

This is a unique advantage with GMD gene knock out CHOK1 cell line and this feature is uniquely described in this disclosure

Although disclosure and exemplification has been provided by way of illustrations and examples for the purpose of clarity and understanding, it is apparent to a person skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be practiced without departing from the spirit or scope of the disclosure. Accordingly, the foregoing descriptions and examples should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present disclosure.

It is intended that the scope of the disclosure be limited not by this detailed description, but rather by the claims appended hereto. It is also to be understood that the following claims are intended to cover all of the generic and specific features of the disclosure described herein.

Many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that the claimed subject matter may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described. Any reference to claim elements in the singular, for example, using the articles “a,” “an,” “the,” or “said” is not to be construed as limiting the disclosure.

The description of the embodiments of the present disclosure reveals the general nature of the embodiments that are readily suitable for modification and/or adaptation for various applications by applying the current knowledge. Such specific embodiments of the disclosure, without departing from the generic concept, and, therefore, such adaptations and modifications should and are intended to be comprehended and considered within the meaning and range of equivalents of the disclosed embodiments.

It is also to be understood that the phrases or terms employed herein are for the purpose of description and not intended to be of any limitation. Throughout the present disclosure, the word “comprise”, or variations such as “comprises” or “comprising” wherever used, are to be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated element, integer or step, or group of elements, integers or steps, but not the exclusion of any other element, integer or step, or group of elements, integers or steps.

Where a numerical limit or range is stated herein, the endpoints are included. Also, values and sub-ranges within a numerical limit or range are specifically included as if explicitly written out.

With respect to the use of any plural and/or singular terms in the present disclosure, those of skill in the art can translate from the plural to the singular and/or from the singular to the plural as is considered appropriate to the context and/or application. The various singular/plural permutations may be expressly set forth herein for the sake of clarity.

Any discussion of documents, acts, materials, devices, articles and the like that has been included in this specification is solely for the purpose of providing a context for the present disclosure. It is not to be taken as an admission that any or all of these matters form a part of the prior art base or are common general knowledge in the field relevant to the present disclosure, as it existed anywhere before the priority date of this application.

The contents of all references, patents, and published patent applications cited throughout this application are incorporated herein by reference for all purposes. 

1. A clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) RNA (crRNA) of a CRISPR system, wherein the crRNA is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID No. 14, SEQ ID No. 16, SEQ ID No. 38, and SEQ ID No. 40, and combinations thereof.
 2. The crRNA of claim 1, wherein SEQ ID No. 14, SEQ ID No. 16, SEQ ID No. 38, and SEQ ID No. 40 bind to Fut8 gene sequence; and wherein SEQ ID No. 14 is transcribed from SEQ ID No. 13, SEQ ID No. 16 is transcribed from SEQ ID No. 15, SEQ ID No. 38 is transcribed from SEQ ID No. 37, and SEQ ID No. 40 is transcribed from SEQ ID No.
 39. 3. (canceled)
 4. A CRISPR-nuclease complex comprising crRNA selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID No. 14, SEQ ID No. 16, SEQ ID No. 38, SEQ ID No. 40 and combinations thereof, and a nuclease.
 5. The complex as claimed in claim 4, wherein the nuclease is Cas9 endonuclease or Cas9n endonuclease.
 6. (canceled)
 7. A vector comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding crRNA selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID No. 14, SEQ ID No. 16, SEQ ID No. 38, SEQ ID No. 40 and combinations thereof, and wherein the vector further comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a Cas9 or Cas9n endonuclease.
 8. (canceled)
 9. An isolated cell comprising the vector of claim
 7. 10. The isolated cell of claim 9, wherein the cell is selected from the group consisting of COS, CHO-S, CHO-K1, CHO-K1 GS(−/−), CHO-DG44, CHO-DUXB11, CHO-DUKX, CHOK1SV, VERO, MDCK, W138, V79, B14AF28-G3, BHK, HaK, NSO, SP2/0-Ag14, HeLa, HEK293-F, HEK293-H, HEK293-T, YB23HL.P2.Gl 1.16Ag.20, perC6, antibody producing Hybridoma cell, embryonic stem cell, Namalwa cell, insect cell line from Spodoptera fugiperda (Sf), Pichia, Saccharomyces and Schizosaccharomyces.
 11. A method of obtaining a fucose knockout cell, said method comprising steps of: (a) obtaining a CRISPR-nuclease construct comprising the crRNA of claim 1; and (b) transfecting a cell with the construct of step (a) to obtain a fucose knockout cell.
 12. A method of obtaining protein with fucosylation ranging from 0% to 100%, said method comprising steps of: (a) culturing the isolated cell of claim 9 to express a protein, wherein the cell has fucosylation activity ranging from 0% to 100%; and (b) obtaining the expressed protein.
 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the CRISPR-nuclease construct provides a CRISPR-nuclease complex of claim 4; wherein the complex cleaves FUT8 gene sequence in the cell, wherein the Fut8 gene sequence coding for α-1,6 Fucosyltransferase enzyme is cleaved at Exon 7, and wherein the cell is selected from the group consisting of COS, CHO-S, CHO-K1, CHO-K1 GS (−/−) CHO-DG44, CHO-DUXB11, CHO-DUKX, CHOK1SV, VERO, MDCK, W138, V79, B14AF28-G3, BHK, HaK, NSO, SP2/0-Ag14, HeLa, HEK293-F, HEK293-H, HEK293-T, YB23HL.P2.Gl 1.16Ag.20, perC6, antibody producing Hybridoma cell, embryonic stem cell, Namalwa cell, insect cell line from Spodoptera fugiperda (Sf), Pichia, Saccharomyces and Schizosaccharomyces. 14-16. (canceled)
 17. The method of claim 12, wherein the protein is 0% fucosylated, and wherein the protein is obtained by disruption of Fut8 gene in the cell.
 18. (canceled)
 19. The method of claim 12, wherein the protein is an antibody.
 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the antibody is a monoclonal antibody.
 21. The method of claim 12, wherein the cell produces an endogenous protein.
 22. The method of claim 12, further comprising a step of introducing a protein encoding gene into the cell and obtaining the protein.
 23. A CRISPR system comprising one or more CRISPR-nuclease complexes of claim
 4. 24. The CRISPR system of claim 23, wherein the nuclease is a Cas9 endonuclease or Cas9n endonuclease. 25-26. (canceled) 